arXiv subjects

Shamiul Alam

Publications and source records attributed to Shamiul Alam.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Reimagining Voltage-Controlled Cryogenic Boolean Logic Paradigm with Quantum-Enhanced Josephson Junction FETs

The growing demand for ultra low power computing and the emergence of quantum technologies have intensified interest in cryogenic electronics, particularly superconducting devices. Despite their promise, current controlled superconducting components face fundamental challenges in cascadability, limiting their effectiveness in complex logic architectures. To overcome this, recent efforts have focused on developing gate tunable superconducting devices, such as Josephson junction field effect transistors (JJFETs). However, achieving robust control and sufficient supercurrent gain, both critical for transistor-like performance in logic circuits remains a key challenge. A recent advancement in JJFET design, based on InAs and GaSb heterostructures, demonstrates enhanced gain and favorable device characteristics suitable for circuit integration. Building on this innovation, we propose and analyze fundamental voltage controlled logic topologies using the quantum enhanced JJFET. We develop a Verilog A based circuit compatible compact model of the quantum enhanced JJFET which accurately captures the experimentally observed device characteristics. To ensure cascadability, our logic circuits incorporate the multilayered Heater Nanocryotron (nTron), a superconducting nanowire-based thermal switch. Through simulation based analysis, we demonstrate the successful implementation of fundamental logic gates, including NOT, NAND, and NOR. Furthermore, we design a 3 input majority gate, which plays a pivotal role in quantum and reversible computing due to its universality. Finally, to demonstrate the cascadability of our proposed logic topology, we demonstrate the operation of a 2 input XOR gate based on our designed JJFET based NOT, NAND, and NOR gate.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2024

Energy-Efficient Cryogenic Ternary Content Addressable Memory using Ferroelectric SQUID

Ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) are useful for certain computing tasks since they allow us to compare a search query with a whole dataset stored in the memory array. They can also unlock unique advantages for cryogenic applications like quantum computing, high-performance computing, and space exploration by improving speed and energy efficiency through parallel searching. This paper explores the design and implementation of a cryogenic ternary content addressable memory based on ferroelectric superconducting quantum interference devices (FeSQUIDs). The use of FeSQUID for designing the TCAM provides several unique advantages. First, we can get binary decisions (zero or non-zero voltage) for matching and mismatching conditions without using any peripheral circuitry. Moreover, the proposed TCAM needs ultra-low energy (1.36 aJ and 26.5 aJ average energy consumption for 1-bit binary and ternary search, respectively), thanks to the use of energy-efficient SQUIDs. Finally, we show the efficiency of FeSQUID through the brain-inspired application of Hyperdimensional Computing (HDC). Here, the FeSQUID-based TCAM implements the associative memory to support the highly parallel search needed in the inference step. We estimate an energy consumption of 89.4 fJ per vector comparison using a vector size of 10,000 bits. We also compare the FeSQUID-based TCAM array with the 5nm FinFET-based cryogenic SRAM-based TCAM array and observe that the proposed FeSQUID-based TCAM array consumes over one order of magnitude lower energy while performing the same task.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2024

Harnessing Ferro-Valleytricity in Penta-Layer Rhombohedral Graphene for Memory and Compute

Two-dimensional materials with multiple degrees of freedom, including spin, valleys, and orbitals, open up an exciting avenue for engineering multifunctional devices. Beyond spintronics, these degrees of freedom can lead to novel quantum effects such as valley-dependent Hall effects and orbital magnetism, which could revolutionize next-generation electronics. However, achieving independent control over valley polarization and orbital magnetism has been a challenge due to the need for large electric fields. A recent breakthrough involving penta-layer rhombohedral graphene has demonstrated the ability to individually manipulate anomalous Hall signals and orbital magnetic hysteresis, forming what is known as a valley-magnetic quartet. Here, we leverage the electrically tunable Ferro-valleytricity of penta-layer rhombohedral graphene to develop non-volatile memory and in-memory computation applications. We propose an architecture for a dense, scalable, and selector-less non-volatile memory array that harnesses the electrically tunable ferro-valleytricity. In our designed array architecture, non-destructive read and write operations are conducted by sensing the valley state through two different pairs of terminals, allowing for independent optimization of read/write peripheral circuits. The power consumption of our PRG-based array is remarkably low, with only ~ 6 nW required per write operation and ~ 2.3 nW per read operation per cell. This consumption is orders of magnitude lower than that of the majority of state-of-the-art cryogenic memories. Additionally, we engineer in-memory computation by implementing majority logic operations within our proposed non-volatile memory array without modifying the peripheral circuitry. Our framework presents a promising pathway toward achieving ultra-dense cryogenic memory and in-memory computation capabilities.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2024

A Review on Digital Pixel Sensors

Digital pixel sensor (DPS) has evolved as a pivotal component in modern imaging systems and has the potential to revolutionize various fields such as medical imaging, astronomy, surveillance, IoT devices, etc. Compared to analog pixel sensors, the DPS offers high speed and good image quality. However, the introduced intrinsic complexity within each pixel, primarily attributed to the accommodation of the ADC circuit, engenders a substantial increase in the pixel pitch. Unfortunately, such a pronounced escalation in pixel pitch drastically undermines the feasibility of achieving high-density integration, which is an obstacle that significantly narrows down the field of potential applications. Nonetheless, designing compact conversion circuits along with strategic integration of 3D architectural paradigms can be a potential remedy to the prevailing situation. This review article presents a comprehensive overview of the vast area of DPS technology. The operating principles, advantages, and challenges of different types of DPS circuits have been analyzed. We categorize the schemes into several categories based on ADC operation. A comparative study based on different performance metrics has also been showcased for a well-rounded understanding.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2023

Machine Learning-powered Compact Modeling of Stochastic Electronic Devices using Mixture Density Networks

The relentless pursuit of miniaturization and performance enhancement in electronic devices has led to a fundamental challenge in the field of circuit design and simulation: how to accurately account for the inherent stochastic nature of certain devices. While conventional deterministic models have served as indispensable tools for circuit designers, they fall short when it comes to capture the subtle yet critical variability exhibited by many electronic components. In this paper, we present an innovative approach that transcends the limitations of traditional modeling techniques by harnessing the power of machine learning, specifically Mixture Density Networks (MDNs), to faithfully represent and simulate the stochastic behavior of electronic devices. We demonstrate our approach to model heater cryotrons, where the model is able to capture the stochastic switching dynamics observed in the experiment. Our model shows 0.82% mean absolute error for switching probability. This paper marks a significant step forward in the quest for accurate and versatile compact models, poised to drive innovation in the realm of electronic circuits.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2023

CMOS-based Single-Cycle In-Memory XOR/XNOR

Big data applications are on the rise, and so is the number of data centers. The ever-increasing massive data pool needs to be periodically backed up in a secure environment. Moreover, a massive amount of securely backed-up data is required for training binary convolutional neural networks for image classification. XOR and XNOR operations are essential for large-scale data copy verification, encryption, and classification algorithms. The disproportionate speed of existing compute and memory units makes the von Neumann architecture inefficient to perform these Boolean operations. Compute-in-memory (CiM) has proved to be an optimum approach for such bulk computations. The existing CiM-based XOR/XNOR techniques either require multiple cycles for computing or add to the complexity of the fabrication process. Here, we propose a CMOS-based hardware topology for single-cycle in-memory XOR/XNOR operations. Our design provides at least 2 times improvement in the latency compared with other existing CMOS-compatible solutions. We verify the proposed system through circuit/system-level simulations and evaluate its robustness using a 5000-point Monte Carlo variation analysis. This all-CMOS design paves the way for practical implementation of CiM XOR/XNOR at scaled technology nodes.

cs.AR↗

arXiv2023

Cryogenic Reconfigurable Logic with Superconducting Heater Cryotron: Enhancing Area Efficiency and Enabling Camouflaged Processors

Superconducting electronics are among the most promising alternatives to conventional CMOS technology thanks to the ultra-fast speed and ultra-high energy efficiency of the superconducting devices. Having a cryogenic control processor is also a crucial requirement for scaling the existing quantum computers up to thousands of qubits. Despite showing outstanding speed and energy efficiency, Josephson junction-based circuits suffer from several challenges such as flux trapping leading to limited scalability, difficulty in driving high impedances, and so on. Three-terminal cryotron devices have been proposed to solve these issues which can drive high impedances (>100 kΩ) and are free from any flux trapping issue. In this work, we develop a reconfigurable logic circuit using a heater cryotron (hTron). In conventional approaches, the number of devices to perform a logic operation typically increases with the number of inputs. However, here, we demonstrate a single hTron device-based logic circuit that can be reconfigured to perform 1-input copy and NOT, 2-input AND and OR, and 3-input majority logic operations by choosing suitable biasing conditions. Consequently, we can perform any processing task with a much smaller number of devices. Also, since we can perform different logic operations with the same circuit (same layout), we can develop a camouflaged system where all the logic gates will have the same layout. Therefore, this proposed circuit will ensure enhanced hardware security against reverse engineering attacks.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2023

A Deep Dive into the Design Space of a Dynamically Reconfigurable Cryogenic Spiking Neuron

Spiking neural network offers the most bio-realistic approach to mimic the parallelism and compactness of the human brain. A spiking neuron is the central component of an SNN which generates information-encoded spikes. We present a comprehensive design space analysis of the superconducting memristor (SM)-based electrically reconfigurable cryogenic neuron. A superconducting nanowire (SNW) connected in parallel with an SM function as a dual-frequency oscillator and two of these oscillators can be coupled to design a dynamically tunable spiking neuron. The same neuron topology was previously proposed where a fixed resistance was used in parallel with the SNW. Replacing the fixed resistance with the SM provides an additional tuning knob with four distinct combinations of SM resistances, which improves the reconfigurability by up to ~70%. Utilizing an external bias current (Ibias), the spike frequency can be modulated up to ~3.5 times. Two distinct spike amplitudes (~1V and ~1.8 V) are also achieved. Here, we perform a systematic sensitivity analysis and show that the reconfigurability can be further tuned by choosing a higher input current strength. By performing a 500-point Monte Carlo variation analysis, we find that the spike amplitude is more variation robust than spike frequency and the variation robustness can be further improved by choosing a higher Ibias. Our study provides valuable insights for further exploration of materials and circuit level modification of the neuron that will be useful for system-level incorporation of the neuron circuit

cs.NE↗

arXiv2023

Reimagining Sense Amplifiers: Harnessing Phase Transition Materials for Current and Voltage Sensing

Energy-efficient sense amplifier (SA) circuits are essential for reliable detection of stored memory states in emerging memory systems. In this work, we present four novel sense amplifier (SA) topologies based on phase transition material (PTM) tailored for non-volatile memory applications. We utilize the abrupt switching and volatile hysteretic characteristics of PTMs which enables efficient and fast sensing operation in our proposed SA topologies. We provide comprehensive details of their functionality and assess how process variations impact their performance metrics. Our proposed sense amplifier topologies manifest notable performance enhancement. We achieve a ~67% reduction in sensing delay and a ~80% decrease in sensing power for current sensing. For voltage sensing, we achieve a ~75% reduction in sensing delay and a ~33% decrease in sensing power. Moreover, the proposed SA topologies exhibit improved variation robustness compared to conventional SAs. We also scrutinize the dependence of transistor mirroring window and PTM transition voltages on several device parameters to determine the optimum operating conditions and stance of tunability for each of the proposed SA topologies.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2023

Harnessing Unipolar Threshold Switches for Enhanced Rectification

Phase transition materials (PTM) have drawn significant attention in recent years due to their abrupt threshold switching characteristics and hysteretic behavior. Augmentation of the PTM with a transistor has been shown to provide enhanced selectivity (as high as ~107 for Ag/HfO2/Pt) leading to unique circuit-level advantages. Previously, a unipolar PTM, Ag-HfO2-Pt, was reported as a replacement for diodes due to its polaritydependent high selectivity and hysteretic properties. It was shown to achieve ~50% higher DC output compared to a diode-based design in a Cockcroft-Walton multiplier circuit. In this paper, we take a deeper dive into this design. We augment two different PTMs (unipolar Ag-HfO2-Pt and bipolar VO2) with diodeconnected MOSFETs to retain the benefits of hysteretic rectification. Our proposed hysteretic diodes (Hyperdiodes) exhibit a low forward voltage drop owing to their volatile hysteretic characteristics. However, augmenting a hysteretic PTM with a transistor brings an additional stability concern due to their complex interplay. Hence, we perform a comprehensive stability analysis for a range of threshold voltages (-0.2 < Vth < 0.8) and transistor sizes to ensure operational stability and to choose the most optimum design parameters. We then test a standalone AgHfO2-Pt and an Ag-HfO2-Pt-based Hyperdiode in two different types of voltage multipliers and report ~500 and ~20 times lower settling time, respectively.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2022

Voltage-controlled Cryogenic Boolean Logic Family Based on Ferroelectric SQUID

The recent progress in quantum computing and space exploration led to a surge in interest in cryogenic electronics. Superconducting devices such as Josephson junction, Josephson field effect transistor, cryotron, and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) are traditionally used to build cryogenic logic gates. However, due to the superconducting nature, gate-voltage-based control of these devices is extremely difficult. Even more challenging is to cascade the logic gates because most of these devices require current bias for their operation. Therefore, these devices are not as convenient as the semiconducting transistors to design logic gates. Here, to overcome these challenges, we propose a ferroelectric SQUID (FeSQUID) based voltage-controlled logic gates. FeSQUID exhibits two different critical current levels for two different voltage-switchable polarization states of the ferroelectric. We utilize the polarization-dependent (hence, voltage-controllable) superconducting to resistive switching of FeSQUID to design Boolean logic gates such as Copy, NOT, AND, and OR gates. The operations of these gates are verified using a Verilog-A-based compact model of FeSQUID. Finally, to demonstrate the fanning out capability of FeSQUID-based logic family, we simulate a 2-input XOR gate using FeSQUID-based NOT, AND, and OR gates. Together with the ongoing progress on FeSQUID-based non-volatile memory, our designed FeSQUID-based logic family will enable all-FeSQUID based cryogenic computer, ensure minimum mismatch between logic and memory blocks in terms of speed, power consumption, and fabrication process.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2022

Compact Model of a Topological Transistor

The precession of a ferromagnet leads to the injection of spin current and heat into an adjacent non-magnetic material. Besides, spin-orbit entanglement causes an additional charge current injection. Such a device has been recently proposed where a quantum-spin hall insulator (QSHI) in proximity to a ferromagnetic insulator (FI) and superconductor (SC) leads to the pumping of charge, spin, and heat. Here we build a circuit-compatible Verilog-A-based compact model for the QSHI-FI-SC device capable of generating two topologically robust modes enabling the device operation. Our model also captures the dependence on the ferromagnetic precision, drain voltage, and temperature with an excellent (> 99%) accuracy.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2022

Cryogenic Neuromorphic Hardware

The revolution in artificial intelligence (AI) brings up an enormous storage and data processing requirement. Large power consumption and hardware overhead have become the main challenges for building next-generation AI hardware. To mitigate this, Neuromorphic computing has drawn immense attention due to its excellent capability for data processing with very low power consumption. While relentless research has been underway for years to minimize the power consumption in neuromorphic hardware, we are still a long way off from reaching the energy efficiency of the human brain. Furthermore, design complexity and process variation hinder the large-scale implementation of current neuromorphic platforms. Recently, the concept of implementing neuromorphic computing systems in cryogenic temperature has garnered intense interest thanks to their excellent speed and power metric. Several cryogenic devices can be engineered to work as neuromorphic primitives with ultra-low demand for power. Here we comprehensively review the cryogenic neuromorphic hardware. We classify the existing cryogenic neuromorphic hardware into several hierarchical categories and sketch a comparative analysis based on key performance metrics. Our analysis concisely describes the operation of the associated circuit topology and outlines the advantages and challenges encountered by the state-of-the-art technology platforms. Finally, we provide insights to circumvent these challenges for the future progression of research.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2022

Cryogenic Memory Technologies

The surging interest in quantum computing, space electronics, and superconducting circuits has led to new developments in cryogenic data storage technology. Quantum computers promise to far extend our processing capabilities and may allow solving currently intractable computational challenges. Even with the advent of the quantum computing era, ultra-fast and energy-efficient classical computing systems are still in high demand. One of the classical platforms that can achieve this dream combination is superconducting single flux quantum (SFQ) electronics. A major roadblock towards implementing scalable quantum computers and practical SFQ circuits is the lack of suitable and compatible cryogenic memory that can operate at 4 Kelvin (or lower) temperature. Cryogenic memory is also critically important in space-based applications. A multitude of device technologies have already been explored to find suitable candidates for cryogenic data storage. Here, we review the existing and emerging variants of cryogenic memory technologies. To ensure an organized discussion, we categorize the family of cryogenic memory platforms into three types: superconducting, non-superconducting, and hybrid. We scrutinize the challenges associated with these technologies and discuss their future prospects.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2022

CMOS-Compatible Ising Machines built using Bistable Latches Coupled through Ferroelectric Transistor Arrays

Realizing compact and scalable Ising machines that are compatible with CMOS-process technology is crucial to the effectiveness and practicality of using such hardware platforms for accelerating computationally intractable problems. Besides the need for realizing compact Ising spins, the implementation of the coupling network, which describes the spin interaction, is also a potential bottleneck in the scalability of such platforms. Therefore, in this work, we propose an Ising machine platform that exploits the novel behavior of compact bi-stable CMOS-latches (cross-coupled inverters) as classical Ising spins interacting through highly scalable and CMOS-process compatible ferroelectric-HfO2-based Ferroelectric FETs (FeFETs) which act as coupling elements. We experimentally demonstrate the prototype building blocks of this system, and evaluate the behavior of the scaled system using simulations. We project that the proposed architecture can compute Ising solutions with an efficiency of ~1.04 x 10^8 solutions/W/second. Our work not only provides a pathway to realizing CMOS-compatible designs but also to overcoming their scaling challenges.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2022

CryoCiM: Cryogenic Compute-in-Memory based on the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect

The scaling of the already-matured CMOS technology is steadily approaching its physical limit, motivating the quest for a suitable alternative. Cryogenic operation offers a promising pathway towards continued improvement in computing speed and energy efficiency without aggressive scaling. However, the memory wall bottleneck of the traditional von-Neumann architecture persists even at cryogenic temperature. That is where a compute-in-memory (CiM) architecture, that embeds computing within the memory unit, comes into play. Computations within the memory unit help reduce the expensive data transfer between the memory and the computing units. Therefore, CiM provides extreme energy efficiency that can enable lower cooling cost at cryogenic temperature. In this work, we demonstrate CryoCiM, a cryogenic compute-in-memory framework utilizing a non-volatile memory system based on the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE). Our design can perform memory read/write, and universal binary logic operations (NAND, NOR, and XOR). We design a novel peripheral circuit assembly that can perform the read/write, and single-cycle in-memory logic operations. The utilization of a QAHE-based memory system promises robustness against process variations, through the usage of topologically protected resistive states for data storage. CryoCiM is the first step towards utilizing exclusively cryogenic phenomena to serve the dual purpose of storage and computation with ultra-low power (nano-watts) operations.

cs.ET↗

arXiv2022

Memristor Compact Model with Oxygen-Vacancy Concentration as State Variable

We present a unique compact model for oxide memristors, based upon the concentration of oxygen vacancies as state variables. In this model, the increase (decrease) in oxygen vacancy concentration is similar in effect to the reduction (expansion) of the tunnel gap used as a state variable in existing compact models, providing a mechanism for the electronic current to increase (decrease) based upon the polarity of the applied voltage. Rate equations defining the dynamics of state variables are obtained from simplifications of a recent manuscript in which electronic processes (i.e., electron capture/emission) were combined with atomic processes (i.e., Frenkel pair generation/recombination, diffusion) stemming from the thermochemical model of dielectric breakdown. Central to the proposed model is the effect of the electron occupancy of oxygen vacancy traps on resistive switching dynamics. The electronic current is calculated considering Ohmic, band-to-band, and bound-to-band contributions. The model includes uniform self-heating with Joule-heating and conductive loss terms. The model is calibrated using experimental current-voltage characteristics for HfO2 memristors with different electrode materials. Though a general model is presented, a delta-shaped density of states profile for oxygen vacancies is found capable of accurately representing experimental data while providing a minimal description of bound to band transitions. The model is implemented in Verilog-A and tested using read/write operations in a 4x4 1T1R nonvolatile memory array to evaluate its ability to perform circuit simulations of practical interest. A particular benefit is that the model does not make strong assumptions regarding filament geometry of which scant experimental-evidence exists to support.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2022

A Privacy-Protecting Framework of Autonomous Contact Tracing for SARS-CoV-2 and Beyond

Controlling the spread of infectious diseases, such as the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, is one of the most challenging problems for human civilization. The world is more populous and connected than ever before, and therefore, the rate of contagion for such diseases often becomes stupendous. The development and distribution of testing kits cannot keep up with the demand, making it impossible to test everyone. The next best option is to identify and isolate the people who come in close contact with an infected person. However, this apparently simple process, commonly known as - contact tracing, suffers from two major pitfalls: the requirement of a large amount of manpower to track the infected individuals manually and the breach in privacy and security while automating the process. Here, we propose a Bluetooth based contact tracing hardware with anonymous IDs to solve both the drawbacks of the existing approaches. The hardware will be a wearable device that every user can carry conveniently. This device will measure the distance between two users and exchange the IDs anonymously in the case of a close encounter. The anonymous IDs stored in the device of any newly infected individual will be used to trace the risky contacts and the status of the IDs will be updated consequently by authorized personnel. To demonstrate the concept, we simulate the working procedure and highlight the effectiveness of our technique to curb the spread of any contagious disease.

cs.CR↗