arXiv subjects

Shaswat Tiwari

Publications and source records attributed to Shaswat Tiwari.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

DIS Dijet Production: An operator basis bridging eikonal and TMD regimes

We propose an operator basis for the unpolarized deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) quark-antiquark dijet production process smoothly connecting the all-twist eikonal regime to the back-to-back leading-twist TMD regime at arbitrary Bjorken x. Starting from the background-field quark propagator we construct an operator basis that organizes the eikonal and twist expansions within a unified formulation. Utilizing this operator basis we derive the dijet production amplitudes retaining all contributions required by either the leading-eikonal or the leading-twist description. In the eikonal limit the resulting amplitudes reproduce the all-twist Color Glass Condensate result, while in the back-to-back limit they reduce to the leading-twist gluon TMD-based result at arbitrary x. The operator basis can be systematically extended to include sub-eikonal and higher-twist corrections. Further, by examining the relationship of this operator basis to the improved TMD (iTMD) factorization we recover the iTMD structure in the eikonal limit. However, we find at non-zero x the transverse resummation generates longitudinal phases that prevent factorization in terms of a conventional TMD operator.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

Back-to-back dijet production in DIS at arbitrary Bjorken-x: TMD gluon distributions to twist-3 accuracy

We derive the gluon transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) operator structure of back-to-back quark-antiquark dijet production in deep inelastic scattering at arbitrary Bjorken-x to twist-3 accuracy. Working at leading order in the strong coupling and in the kinematic regime where the transverse momentum imbalance of the jets is much smaller than their individual transverse momenta, we perform a systematic gradient expansion of the quark propagator in a background gluon field. This expansion organizes multiple interactions with the target in terms of longitudinal Wilson lines and gauge-invariant field-strength insertions, yielding a TMD description valid beyond the strict high-energy eikonal (x -> 0) approximation. We obtain explicit cross sections for longitudinally and transversely polarized virtual photons, identifying all contributing gluon TMD operators up to twist-3, including structures involving F_+-, F_ij, and three-gluon correlators. The full longitudinal phase associated with Bjorken-x is retained throughout. In the small-x limit, our results reproduce the known sub-eikonal expressions obtained in the Color Glass Condensate framework, establishing a direct connection between the general-x TMD expansion and high-energy factorization. We further reduce the operator basis using equations of motion, minimizing the number of independent nonperturbative matrix elements entering the cross section. This work provides a systematic foundation for extending TMD analyses of dijet production beyond leading twist, establishing a unified operator framework valid at arbitrary Bjorken x that smoothly interpolates between moderate- and small-x descriptions of gluon TMDs.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

Back-to-back dijet production in DIS at arbitrary Bjorken-x: TMD quark distributions to twist-3 accuracy

We study the contributions of target quark background to quark-gluon and quark-antiquark dijet productions cross sections in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) at arbitrary Bjorken-$x$. Using the background-field method, we organize the leading-order dijet production cross section in terms of bilocal quark and trilocal quark--gluon--quark correlators. The former provides the contributions of the leading-twist as well as the kinematical and dynamical twist-three quark transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) distributions, while the latter encode contributions of the dynamical twist-three TMD distributions. {Together with the gluon distributions derived in Ref.~\cite{Mukherjee:2026cte}}, these results provide the complete leading-order cross section for back-to-back dijet production in DIS at arbitrary Bjorken-$x$ to twist-three accuracy. This theoretical framework extends the TMD description of the process beyond the small-$x$ eikonal regime and provides the necessary tools for analyzing data from the future Electron--Ion Collider.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

JIMWLK on a quantum computer

We propose a method for solving the Jalilian-Marian-Iancu-McLerran-Weigert-Leonidov-Kovner (JIMWLK) evolution equation on quantum computers. Our approach exploits the reformulation of the JIMWLK equation as a Lindblad master equation governing the rapidity evolution of the hadronic density matrix, as established in prior work. To render the problem tractable for quantum simulation, we introduce several approximations: the two-dimensional transverse plane is reduced to a one-dimensional radial lattice by assuming azimuthal symmetry of the jump operators; the gauge group is restricted to $\mathrm{SU}(2)$; and the infinite Wilson lines of the JIMWLK equation are replaced by finite Wilson links along the light-cone direction. The resulting bosonic Hilbert space is truncated using the electric field basis familiar from Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory, with states restricted to angular momenta $j\leq j_{\mathrm{max}}$. We derive the matrix elements of the JIMWLK Lindblad jump operators in this basis. As a benchmark, we demonstrate rapid convergence of the fundamental dipole expectation value with $j_{\mathrm{max}}$ for both pure and mixed Gaussian initial density matrices. For the simplest truncation, $j_{\mathrm{max}} = 1/2$, we implement the Lindblad evolution using a quantum simulation algorithm verified with the Qiskit statevector simulator by decomposing the non-unitary evolution operator into a linear combination of unitaries. This work establishes a concrete pathway toward quantum simulation of high-energy QCD evolution equations, with direct relevance to the physics program of the Electron-Ion Collider.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Perturbative Corrections to Quark TMDPDFs in the Background-Field Method: Gauge Invariance, Equations of Motion, and Multiple Interactions

We calculate the perturbative corrections in the strong coupling to the unpolarized quark transverse-momentum dependent parton distribution function (TMDPDF) operator within a background-field framework, extending the approach of Ref. [1]. We focus on ensuring gauge invariance, identifying two key components needed: a gauge-invariant TMDPDF operator with a transverse gauge link at spatial infinity, and accounting of the equations of motion (EoM) of the background fields. We go beyond next-to-leading order in strong coupling expansion, considering multiple interactions with the background field at all orders of strong coupling. By examining the interplay between quark and gluon contributions, we show that spurious singularities, proportional to EoM, can be misinterpreted as genuine divergences in QCD factorization unless properly identified and removed.

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arXiv2024

TMD factorization bridging large and small x

QCD factorization takes different forms in the large-x and small-x regimes. At large-x, collinear factorization leads to the DGLAP evolution equation, while at small-x, rapidity factorization results in the BFKL equation. To unify these different regimes, a new TMD factorization based on the background field method is proposed. This factorization not only reduces to CSS and DGLAP in the large-x limit and BFKL in the small-x limit, but also defines a general evolution away from these regimes.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

Bootstrapping High-Energy Observables

In this paper, we set up the numerical S-matrix bootstrap by using the crossing symmetric dispersion relation (CSDR) to write down Roy equations for the partial waves. As a motivation behind examining the local version of the CSDR, we derive a new, crossing symmetric, 3-channels-plus-contact-terms representation of the Virasoro-Shapiro amplitude in string theory that converges everywhere except at the poles. We then focus on gapped theories and give novel analytic and semi-analytic derivations of several bounds on low-energy data. We examine the high-energy behaviour of the experimentally measurable rho-parameter, introduced by Khuri and Kinoshita and defined as the ratio of the real to the imaginary part of the amplitude in the forward limit. Contrary to expectations, we find numerical evidence that there could be multiple changes in the sign of this ratio before it asymptotes at high energies. We compare our approach with other existing numerical methods and find agreement, with improvement in convergence.

hep-th↗

arXiv2024

A unified description of DGLAP, CSS, and BFKL: TMD factorization bridging large and small x

This paper introduces a transverse-momentum dependent (TMD) factorization scheme designed to unify both large and small Bjorken-x regimes. We compute the next-to-leading order (NLO) quantum chromodynamics (QCD) corrections to the gluon TMD operator for an unpolarized hadron within this proposed scheme. This leads to the emergence of a new TMD evolution, incorporating those in transverse momentum, rapidity, and Bjorken-x. When matched to the collinear factorization scheme, our factorization scheme faithfully reproduces the well-established Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi (DGLAP) and Collins-Soper-Sterman (CSS) evolutions. Conversely, matching with high-energy factorization not only yields the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL) evolution but also reveals distinctive signatures of CSS logarithms. The development of this novel TMD factorization scheme, capable of seamlessly reconciling disparate Bjorken-x regimes and faithfully reproducing established QCD evolution equations, has the potential to significantly advance our comprehension of high-energy processes and three-dimensional parton structures of hadrons.

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