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Shi-Pu Gu

Publications and source records attributed to Shi-Pu Gu.

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Persistence of measurement-induced nonlocality in uniformly accelerating Unruh-DeWitt detectors

Uniform acceleration induces a thermal response to the Minkowski vacuum and can thereby modify quantum correlations. For measurement-induced nonlocality (MIN), a form of nonclassical correlation distinct from entanglement, previous field-mode analyses of bosonic fields found that it decreases with increasing acceleration and vanishes in the infinite-acceleration limit. This raises the question of whether the disappearance of MIN is a generic consequence of the Unruh effect or depends on the physical description of the accelerated quantum system. To address this question, we study two uniformly accelerating Unruh-DeWitt detectors interacting with a massless scalar field. We find that the response of MIN to the Unruh temperature depends sensitively on the initial detector state: it can decrease monotonically, vanish at an intermediate temperature and subsequently recover, or increase monotonically. Moreover, for a broad class of initial states, MIN approaches a nonzero value in the high-temperature limit. These results show that the suppression of MIN under strong acceleration is not universal. Instead, Unruh-induced detector dynamics gives rise to a state-dependent response in which measurement-induced nonlocality can be suppressed, restored, or enhanced.

gr-qc

Reference-frame-independent Quantum secure direct communication

Current quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols guarantee communication security by estimating the error rates of photons in the X and Z bases. This take the reference frame calibration between communicating parties as a necessary prerequisite. However, in mobile communications scenarios, achieving continuous and accurate reference frame calibration poses significant challenges. To address this issue, this paper proposes a reference-frame-independent (RFI) QSDC protocol. This protocol only requires ensuring the calibration accuracy of one direction of the reference frame, while allowing a misalignment angle $\beta$ in the other two directions. To improve the protocol's robustness against reference frame fluctuations, we introduce a $\beta$-independent parameter C into the security analysis framework and rederive the protocol's security bounds. Additionally, we construct a system model and optimize the pulse intensity of the signal states, enabling the protocol to achieve optimal performance under each level of channel attenuation. At an attenuation of 10 dB (corresponding to a communication distance of 25 km), the secrecy message capacities for $\beta= 0^{ \circ} $ and $45^{ \circ} $ are $8.765 \times10^{-6}$ bit/pulse and $4.150 \times10^{-6}$ bit/pulse, respectively. Compared with the single-photon-based QSDC, the communication distance of the protocol proposed in this paper is significantly extended. When $\beta= 0^{ \circ} $ and $45^{ \circ} $, the maximum transmission distances of the RFI QSDC protocol are 27.875 km and 26.750 km, which is about 155.9 % and 149.7 % of that of the single-photon-based QSDC protocol.

quant-ph

High-capacity dual degrees of freedom quantum secret sharing protocol beyond the linear rate-distance bound

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is the multipartite cryptographic primitive. Most of existing QSS protocols are limited by the linear rate-distance bound, and cannot realize the long-distance and high-capacity multipartite key distribution. This paper proposes a polarization (Pol) and phase (Ph) dual degrees of freedom (dual-DOF) QSS protocol based on the weak coherent pulse (WCP) sources. Our protocol combines the single-photon interference, two-photon interference and non-interference principles, and can resist the internal attack from the dishonest player. We develop simulation method to estimate its performance under the beam splitting attack. The simulation results show that our protocol can surpass the linear bound. Comparing with the differential-phase-shift twin-field QSS and WCP-Ph-QSS protocols, our protocol has stronger resistance against the beam splitting attack, and thus has longer maximal communication distance and higher key rate. By using the WCPs with high average photon number ($\mu$ = 1.5), our protocol achieves a key rate about 5.4 times of that in WCP-Ph-QSS protocol. Its maximal communication distance (441.7 km) is about 7.9% longer than that of the WCP-Ph-QSS. Our protocol is highly feasible with current experimental technology and offers a promising approach for long-distance and high-capacity quantum networks.

quant-ph

Robust hyperentanglement self testing

Hyperentanglement, which refers to entanglement encoded in two or more independent degrees of freedom (DOFs), is a valuable resource for the future high-capacity quantum network. Certifying hyperentanglement sources work as intended is critical for the hyperentanglement-based quantum information tasks. Self testing is the strongest certification method for quantum state and measurement under minimal assumptions, even without any knowledge of the devices' inner workings. However, the existing self testing protocols all focus on one-DOF entanglement, which cannot self test the multi-DOF entanglement. In the paper, we propose a hyperentanglement self testing framework. We take the self testing for the polarization-spatial-mode hyperentangled Bell states as an example. The self testing is based on the violation of two-dimension CHSH test in each DOF independently. The two-step swap isometry circuits are proposed for self testing the entanglement in spatial-mode and polarization DOFs, respectively. All the sixteen polarization-spatial-mode hyperentangled Bell states can be self tested. Our hyperentanglement self testing framework has three advantages. First, it is a general hyperentanglement self testing framework, and can be extended to self test multi-DOF hyperentanglement and multipartite hyperentanglement. Second, it can provide the robust hyperentanglement self testing and establish the relation between the lower bound of fidelity and the imperfect violation of Bell-like inequality in each DOF. Third, it is feasible with current experimental technology. Our hyperentanglement self testing framework provides a promising way to certify complex hyperentanglement sources, and has potential application in future high-capacity quantum network.

quant-ph

High-efficiency and long-distance quantum memory-assisted device-independent quantum secret sharing with single photon sources

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) plays a critical role in building the distributed quantum networks. Device-independent (DI) QSS provides the highest security level for QSS. However, the photon transmission loss and extremely low multipartite entanglement generation rate largely limit DI QSS's secure photon transmission distance (less than 1 km) and practical key generation efficiency. To address the above drawbacks, we propose the quantum memory-assisted (QMA) DI QSS protocol based on single photon sources (SPSs). The single photons from the SPSs are used to construct long-distance multipartite entanglement channels with the help of the heralded architecture. The heralded architecture enables our protocol to have an infinite secure photon transmission distance in theory. The QMA technology can not only increase the multi-photon synchronization efficiency, but also optimize the photon transmittance to maximize the construction efficiency of the multipartite entanglement channels. Our protocol achieves the practical key generation efficiency seven orders of magnitude higher than that of the existing DI QSS protocols based on cascaded spontaneous parametric down-conversion sources and six orders of magnitude higher than that of the DI QSS based on SPSs without QMA. Our protocol has modular characteristics and is feasible under the current experimental technical conditions. Combining with the advanced random key generation basis strategy, the requirement on experimental devices can be effectively reduced. Our protocol is expected to promote the development of long-distance and high-efficiency DI quantum network in the future.

quant-ph

Fully passive reference frame independent quantum key distribution

Reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution (RFI QKD) significantly alleviates alignment requirements for reference frame in practical quantum communication systems. While the original protocol requires Alice to prepare six quantum states in $Z$, $X$, and $Y$ bases, its reliance on active modulation introduces inherent side-channel vulnerabilities from device imperfections. We address this security limitation by integrating a fully passive source into the RFI framework. In this paper, we propose a fully passive RFI QKD protocol. Our protocol avoids active modulation entirely, suppressing side-channel risks through passive quantum state generation. Moreover, by making full utilization of the quantum states generated by the fully passive source, we enhance the secure key rate of fully passive protocol. We establish a system model to analyze the performance of the protocol. Through the optimization of post-selection intervals and intensities, we obtain the maximum secure key transmission rate of the protocol. Under ideal circumstances, the secure key transmission rate of our protocol can reach more than 50% of that of the ideal QKD. Under practical conditions, we have considered the finite-length effect. When pulse number generated by the source reaches $10^{12}$, the maximum communication distances of the protocol can reach 167 km and 136 km with a reference frame misalignment of $0 $ and $45^{\circ} $ respectively. We believe that our protocol can contribute to the development of practical QKD systems.

quant-ph

Efficient hyperentanglement-based quantum secret sharing protocol

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a typical multipartite cryptographic primitive, which is an important part of quantum communication network. Existing QSS protocols generally require basis selection and matching, which would increase the quantum resource consumption and classical communication round, and also face weak random security vulnerabilities. We propose an efficient hyperentanglement-based QSS protocol without the basis selection, in which the dealer and partners share a polarization-momentum hyperentangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and encode keys in the polarization degree of freedom (DOF). The dealer decodes the transmitted keys relying on the nonlocal hyperentanglement-assisted polarization GHZ state analysis. Our QSS protocol is unconditionally secure in theory. We develop simulation method to estimate its performance in practical environment. Compared with the QSS based on the GHZ state, our protocol has several advantages. First, it does not require basis selection and can completely distinguish eight polarization GHZ states, which can improve the utilization rate of entanglement resources to 100$\%$ and increase the key generation rate by an order of magnitude. Second, it only requires one round of classical communication, and thus can reduce key generation time by 69.4$\%$. Third, it can eliminate the weak random security vulnerabilities associated with the basis selection. Finally, our protocol only uses linear optical elements, which makes it practically feasible. Our QSS protocol has potential application in future quantum communication network.

quant-ph

Fully passive quantum key distribution with parametric down-conversion source

The fully passive source is capable of passively generating decoy states and performing passive encoding simultaneously, avoiding the side-channel risks caused by active modulation operations at the source end, thus effectively enhance the security in quantum key distribution (QKD). Existing fully passive QKD protocol and experiments exploit phase-randomized coherent pulses. In this paper, we propose a fully passive QKD protocol using parametric down-conversion source. The decoy state generation and encoding operation can be carried out passively by parameter down-conversion progress. This protocol has several advantages. First, it can also eliminate all side channels in active modulators. Second, compared with fully passive QKD protocol with phase-randomized coherent pulses, our protocol can significantly increase the key rate and extend the communication distance. Meanwhile, in terms of the transmission rate, our protocol is also closer to that of actively modulated QKD and can achieve fully passive modulation with fewer resources. Moreover, combined with measurement-device-independent (MDI) QKD, this protocol can even potentially achieve robustness against side channels in both detectors and modulators.

quant-ph

Quantum secure direct communication based on fully passive source

In practical quantum communication, imperfect devices may introduce side channels, creating opportunities for eavesdroppers. Especially on the source side, the side channels created by active modulation may compromise the security of the protocol. We proposes a passively-sourced quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol based on fully passive source. By passively modulating both the quantum state and the intensity of the decoy state, we can avoid active modulation operations at the source, thereby enhancing the robustness of QSDC against side-channel attacks. We developed a system model and conducted parameter optimization to obtain the maximum secrecy message transmission rate achievable by the protocol for each channel attenuation. At a channel attenuation of 2, 4, 6 dB (corresponding to a communication distance of 5, 10, 15 km), the secrecy message transmission rates are 5.76 * 10^-5, 9.92 * 10^-6, and 4.99 * 10^-7 bit/sec. And its maximum communication distance is about 16.875 km, which is about 94.4% of that of actively modulated QSDC.

quant-ph

Receiver-device-independent quantum secure direct communication

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables the message sender to directly send secure messages to the receiver through the quantum channel without keys. Device-independent (DI) and measurement-device-independent (MDI) QSDC protocols can enhance QSDC's practical security in theory. DI QSDC requires extremely high global detection efficiency and has quite low secure communication distance. DI and MDI QSDC both require high-quality entanglement. Current entanglement sources prepare entangled photon pairs with low efficiency, largely reducing their practical communication efficiency. In the paper, we propose a single-photon-based receiver-device-independent (RDI) QSDC protocol. It only relies on the trusted single-photon source, which is nearly on-demand under current technology, and treats all the receiving devices in both communication parties as ``black-boxes''. The parties ensure the message security only from the observed statistics. We develop a numerical method to simulate its performance in practical noisy communication situation. RDI QSDC provides the same security level as MDI QSDC. Compared with DI and MDI QSDC, RDI QSDC has some advantages. First, it uses the single-photon source and single-photon measurement, which makes it obtain the practical communication efficiency about 3415 times of that in DI QSDC and easy to implement. The whole protocol is feasible with current technology. Second, it has higher photon loss robustness and noise tolerance than DI QSDC, which enables it to have a secure communication distance about 26 times of that in DI QSDC. Based on above features, the RDI QSDC protocol makes it possible to achieve highly-secure and high-efficient QSDC in the near future.

quant-ph

Device-independent quantum secret sharing with advanced random key generation basis

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) enables a dealer to securely distribute keys to multiple players. Device-independent (DI) QSS can resist all possible attacks from practical imperfect devices and provide QSS the highest level of security in theory. However, DI QSS requires high-performance devices, especially for low-noise channels, which is a big challenge for its experimental demonstration. We propose a DI QSS protocol with the advanced random key generation basis strategy, which combines the random key generation basis with the noise preprocessing and postselection strategies. We develop the methods to simplify Eve's conditional entropy bound and numerically simulate the key generation rate in an acceptable time. Our DI QSS protocol has some advantages. First, it can increase the noise tolerance threshold from initial 7.147% to 9.231% (29.16% growth), and reduce the global detection efficiency threshold from 96.32% to 93.41%. The maximal distance between any two users increases to 1.43 km, which is about 5.5 times of the initial value. Second, by randomly selecting two basis combinations to generate the key, our DI QSS protocol can reduce the entanglement resource consumption. Our protocol has potential for DI QSS's experimental demonstration and application in the future.

quant-ph

Generation of concatenated Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-type entangled coherent state based on linear optics

The concatenated Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (C-GHZ) state is a new type of multipartite entangled state, which has potential application in future quantum information. In this paper, we propose a protocol of constructing arbitrary C-GHZ entangled state approximatively. Different from the previous protocols, each logic is encoded in the coherent state. This protocol is based on the linear optics, which is feasible in experimental technology. This protocol may be useful in quantum information based on the C-GHZ state.

quant-ph

Complete analysis for arbitrary concatenated Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state assisted with photonic Faraday rotation

The concatenated Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (C-GHZ) state has great potential application in the future quantum network, for it is robust to the decoherence in a noisy environment. In the paper, we propose a complete C-GHZ state analysis protocol with the help of some auxiliary single atoms trapped in the low-quality cavities. In the protocol, we essentially make the parity check for the photonic states based on the photonic Faraday rotation effect, and complete the analysis task combined with the Hadamard operation and single qubit measurement. The success probability of our protocol can reach 100\% in principle, and the number of physical qubit encoded in each logic qubit does not affect the analysis. Our analysis protocol may have its practical application in future long-distance quantum communication.

quant-ph