arXiv subjects

Shin Toriumi

Publications and source records attributed to Shin Toriumi.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Science operation, data handling, and ground support system of the SOLAR-C mission

SOLAR-C is an international solar-observing satellite mission led by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It aims to elucidate mass and energy transport in solar atmospheres through extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy. The mission carries the EUV High-throughput Spectroscopic Telescope (EUVST) and the Solar Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SoSpIM), enabling comprehensive observations across a wide temperature range (10^4 K to 10^7 K) with minimum temperature gaps and high spatial and temporal resolution. To achieve its science objectives regarding atmospheric heating and solar flare eruptions, SOLAR-C implements a flexible and responsive operational procedure and a data processing system, while building on the heritage of the Hinode and IRIS satellites. The Chief Observer creates observation timelines that include core observation plans and approved proposed plans while taking into account the solar activity levels. A SpaceWire communication architecture is employed onboard the spacecraft, and a method is implemented in which the mission instrument temporarily acts as the network master during data transfer to support the high data rate requirements. Telemetry is downlinked at ground stations worldwide and gathered at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA. The EUVST data are calibrated at the SOLAR-C Science Center at Nagoya University, while the SoSpIM data are calibrated at the Processing and Archiving Facility before being integrated into the science data products. The data will be made publicly available immediately. The integrated operational scheme for this mission is expected to advance our understanding of solar atmospheric heating and flare processes.

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arXiv2026

Magnetic Heating Across the Sun and Solar-like Stars: Universal Scaling Laws from Chromospheres to Coronae

Magnetic activity in cool stars governs the thermal structure and high-energy radiative output of their outer atmospheres, thereby influencing stellar evolution, stellar winds, and the atmospheres of orbiting (exo)planets. A long-standing question in stellar astrophysics is whether the mechanisms responsible for atmospheric heating are universal across the Sun and cool stars spanning different ages and activity levels. In this paper, we review recent progress in understanding magnetic heating across the Sun and Sun-like stars through empirical scaling relations between photospheric magnetic flux and radiative output from the chromosphere, transition region, and corona. Analysis of more than a decade of Sun-as-a-star observations reveals that irradiance and magnetic flux follow power-law relationships over a wide temperature range. While coronal emissions exhibit superlinear scaling with magnetic flux, chromospheric and transition-region diagnostics show weaker, sublinear dependencies. Remarkably, observations of G-type stars with ages ranging from 50 Myr to 4.5 Gyr are found to lie on extensions of the solar scaling laws, suggesting that a common magnetic-heating mechanism operates across different levels of stellar activity. We further discuss the application of these scaling relations to reconstructing stellar X-ray and ultraviolet (XUV) spectra from observed magnetic fluxes. The resulting synthetic spectra reproduce actual observations of young, active solar analogs, providing a practical tool to estimate the ionizing radiation whose extreme UV emissions cannot be directly measured.

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arXiv2026

A Systematic Study of Quiescent and Outburst Properties of X-ray-bright Young Stellar Objects Using XMM-Newton

Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) exhibit strong X-ray emission, widely attributed to magnetic reconnection and magnetospheric accretion; however, owing primarily to limited photon statistics, observational tests of these mechanisms have often relied on simplified analyses, leaving room for more precise constraints on their emission processes. We aim to derive the X-ray properties of X-ray-bright YSOs selected from multiple star clusters and investigate their emission mechanisms through an approach from multiple perspectives based on timing and spectroscopic analysis. We performed a systematic search of XMM-Newton archival observations and constructed a sample of 51 X-ray-bright YSOs for timing and spectroscopic analyses. We identified quiescent and outburst phases through timing analysis, performed phase-resolved multi-temperature spectroscopy. Multi-temperature plasma structures are detected in both quiescent and outburst emission. The relationships among the timing and spectral parameters are broadly consistent with a magnetic-reconnection scenario. Comparison with Gaia DR3 stellar parameters suggests that magnetospheric accretion alone has difficulty explaining most of the fitted X-ray temperatures, although the coolest model components with $kT \lesssim 0.3$ keV may include an accretion-shock contribution. After separating these low-temperature components, the remaining quiescent components show a clearer positive correlation in the $EM$--$kT$ plane, with magnetic-loop lengths distributed around $10^{12}$ cm. Neupert-like behavior, the temporal evolution of temperature and emission measure, the Rossby-number activity relation, and positive correlations between quiescent and outburst properties all suggest that magnetic reconnection plays a key role in both phases.

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arXiv2026

Pre-flare and active region plasma flows and structure seen by the short wavelength camera on SOLAR-C/EUVST

The mechanisms triggering solar flares and driving coronal heating occur across wide temperature ranges on small spatial scales and short timescales, making them difficult to observe with current instrumentation. The upcoming SOLAR-C mission, launching in the late 2020s, will provide unprecedented plasma diagnostic capability with its high-throughput extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopic telescope (EUVST), capable of ~0.2 arcsec/pix spatial sampling (~0.4 arcsec resolution), continuous temperature coverage from 0.02-15 MK, and exposure times down to 0.5 seconds. We present forward modelling of the spectrograph's short wavelength camera (170-210 {\AA}; SOLAR-C/EUVST-SW) and its response to log T~6.2 coronal plasma in a three-dimensional MHD-simulated pre-flare active region. We compare this performance to that of the previous-generation EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode (SOLAR-B). Our results demonstrate that SOLAR-C/EUVST can distinguish individual flux tubes in simulated active region loops which Hinode/EIS cannot resolve. In simulated pre-flare plasma, SOLAR-C/EUVST captures sharp velocity gradients between adjacent upflowing and downflowing plasma which Hinode/EIS is unable to resolve. Doppler velocity measurement accuracy will reach better than 1 km/s in active regions. We show that this next-generation spectrograph can be expected to directly observe processes potentially related to flare triggering, such as plasma flows from low-altitude reconnection linked to emerging flux, and determine whether active region loops consist of a small number of strands or the hundreds predicted by magnetic reconnection-induced nanoflare heating models.

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arXiv2026

Temporal Evolution of Sunspot Groups and Increase in the Open flux During Solar Maximum in Cycle 24

The evolution of the global solar magnetic field directly impacts the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). During the solar maximum of Cycle 24, the monthly averaged IMF strength doubled over five Carrington rotations in late 2014. To understand the physical origin of this increase, we investigate the temporal evolution of open magnetic flux resulting from the emergence and decay of bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs). Using surface flux transport and potential field source surface models, we simulated how BMR characteristics, spatial distributions, and interaction with background magnetic fields affect open flux evolution. Our simulation confirmed that the relative configuration of BMRs can either inhibit open flux expansion via closed loops or promote it through favorable connections. The increase in open flux is primarily driven by the equatorial dipole component, which is enhanced by differential rotation acting on tilted BMRs. These behaviors suggest that large open field structures develop from equatorial dipole components formed by these stretched BMRs. We attribute the rapid IMF increase in 2014 (Carrington rotations 2152-2157) to the combination of the following three factors: (1) a specific sunspot configuration that facilitated the expansion of the southern coronal hole; (2) the emergence of a giant sunspot group (active region 12192) with high magnetic intensity; and (3) the diffusion of these regions, which reinforced the global magnetic field. These results imply that rapid open flux variations during solar maximum are governed not only by the characteristics of emerging BMRs but also by their interaction with pre-existing large coronal holes.

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arXiv2026

Bridging Solar and Stellar Physics: Role of SDO in Understanding Stellar Active Regions and Atmospheric Heating

The solar-stellar connection provides a unique framework for understanding magnetic activity and atmospheric heating across a broad spectrum of stars. Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) of NASA, equipped with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, and Extreme ultraviolet Variability Experiment, has enabled detailed Sun-as-a-star studies that bridge solar and stellar physics. Integrating spatially resolved solar observations into disk-integrated datasets, these studies provide insights into magnetic activity occurring in distant stars. This review highlights key results from recent analyses that employed all three SDO instruments to characterize active regions, quantify universal heating relationships, and reconstruct stellar X-ray and ultraviolet spectra. We discuss how these findings advance our understanding of stellar magnetic activity, provide predictive tools for exoplanetary environments, and outline future directions for applying solar-based frameworks to diverse stellar populations.

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arXiv2025

Origin of the stellar Fe K{\alpha} line clarified with FUV and X-ray observations of a superflare on the RS Canum Venaticorum-type Star UX Arietis

Fluorescence line diagnostics of the Fe K{\alpha} line at $\sim 6.4$ keV observed in both solar and stellar flares can constrain the latitude and size of the flare loop, even in the absence of imaging observations. However, they are hampered by the unresolved origin of stellar Fe K{\alpha} lines: i.e., it is unclear which of the two mechanisms-photoionization by hard X-ray photons or collisional ionization by non-thermal electrons-is the dominant process. We present clear evidence for the photoionization origin based on simultaneous far ultraviolet (FUV) and soft X-ray observations of a superflare on the RS Canum Venaticorum-type Star UX Arietis with Extreme ultraviolet spetrosCope for ExosphEric Dynamic (EXCEED; 900$-$1480 \r{A}) onboard Hisaki and Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER; 0.2$-$12 keV). The flare started at 22:50 UT on 2018 November 15 and released $2 \times 10^{36}$ erg in the 900$-$1480 \r{A} band and $3 \times 10^{36}$ erg in the 0.3$-$4 keV band. The FUV emission, a proxy for non-thermal activity, peaked approximately 1.4 hours before the soft X-rays. In contrast, the Fe K{\alpha} line, detected at a statistical significance of $5.3 \sigma$ with an equivalent width of $67^{+28}_{-20}$ eV, peaked simultaneously with the thermal X-ray maximum rather than the non-thermal FUV peak-strongly supporting the photoionization hypothesis. Radiative transfer calculations, combined with the observed Fe K{\alpha} line intensity, further support the photoionization scenario and demonstrate the potential of this line to provide the flare geometry.

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arXiv2025

Synthetic Ca II 8542 \AA\ Stokes Profile Associated with Chromospheric Magnetic Reconnection in a Simulated Active Region

Magnetic reconnection is an important driving mechanism of many chromospheric phenomena, e.g., UV bursts and chromospheric jets. Information about magnetic field is indispensable for analyzing chromospheric magnetic reconnection, which is mainly encoded in polarization signals. The purpose of this work is to predict possible Stokes features related to chromospheric reconnection events, from realistic two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation and Stokes profile synthesis. An emerging magnetic flux sheet is imposed at the bottom boundary of a well-relaxed unipolar atmosphere that spans from the upper convection zone to the corona. The reconnection region is heated to $\sim$7 kK and the outflow velocity reaches up to $\sim$35 km s$^{-1}$. Through Stokes profile synthesis, several Stokes features related to reconnections and plasmoids are reproduced. We found sign reversal features on circular polarization and amplitude reduction features on linear polarization at reconnection sites. Also, we report strong linear and circular polarization signals corresponding to huge ($\sim$300 km) and tiny ($\sim$40 km) plasmoids, respectively. We conclude that both linear and circular polarization signals may reveal the distinctive physical mechanisms in reconnections, and enhance the understanding of magnetic reconnection in observations.

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arXiv2025

Probing Solar Polar Regions

The magnetic fields and dynamical processes in the solar polar regions play a crucial role in the solar magnetic cycle and in supplying mass and energy to the fast solar wind, ultimately being vital in controlling solar activities and driving space weather. Despite numerous efforts to explore these regions, to date no imaging observations of the Sun's poles have been achieved from vantage points out of the ecliptic plane, leaving their behavior and evolution poorly understood. This observation gap has left three top-level scientific questions unanswered, 1) How does the solar dynamo work and drive the solar magnetic cycle? 2) What drives the fast solar wind? 3) How do space weather processes globally originate from the Sun and propagate throughout the solar system? The Solar Polar-orbit Observatory (SPO) mission, a solar polar exploration spacecraft, is proposed to address these three unanswered scientific questions by imaging the Sun's poles from high heliolatitudes. In order to achieve its scientific goals, SPO will carry six remote-sensing and four in-situ instruments to measure the vector magnetic fields and Doppler velocity fields in the photosphere, to observed the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet, X-ray, and radio wavelengths, to image the corona and the heliosphere up to 45 $R_\odot$, and to perform in-situ detection of magnetic fields, and low- and high-energy particles in the solar wind.

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arXiv2025

Temporal Variation of Flare Occurrence Rates via the Spot Evolution on the Sun and Solar-type Stars

The spot evolution on the Sun and solar-type stars is important for understanding the nature of consequential flaring activity. This study statistically investigates the variance of flare occurrence rate through the time evolution of spots on the Sun and solar-type stars. We have compiled the 28-year catalogs of solar flares and their source sunspots obtained from solar surface observations by NOAA and GOES for the Sun. Also, we combined the cataloged stellar flares with the time evolution of starspots estimated by light curves obtained by the 4-year Kepler mission for solar-type stars. For the obtained 24124 solar flares and 180 stellar flares, we calculate the flare occurrence distribution with respect to $t_\mathrm{flare}-t_\mathrm{max}$, which represents the timing of flare through the spot evolution, where $t_\mathrm{flare}$ is the flare occurrence time, and $t_\mathrm{max}$ is the time when the source spot takes its maximum area. When normalized by the spot lifetime, we found that the flare occurrence distribution for $t_\mathrm{flare}-t_\mathrm{max}$ shows a similar distribution regardless of spot size or flare energy, suggesting that the Sun and the solar-type star share the same physical process in the spot-to-flare activity. On this basis, we propose a formula for the time variation of the flare occurrence rate per spot. Also, the correlation between the temporal variation of flare occurrence rate and the time evolution of spot area and the lack of difference in flare occurrence rate between the emergence and decaying phases provide a milestone for the nature of flare-productive spots.

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arXiv2025

Variations in the magnetic field strength of pre-main-sequence stars, solar-type main-sequence stars, and the Sun

The surface magnetic fields of pre-main-sequence stars and zero-age main-sequence stars are notably strong, resulting in the generation of numerous spots and the emission of bright chromospheric lines. Rotational variations in magnetic field strength have been identified in T Tauri stars (TTSs) and young main-sequence stars using Zeeman--Doppler imaging. This study investigates the relationship between the mean values and variation amplitudes of the magnetic field strengths of TTSs, main-sequence stars, and the Sun. The findings reveal a positive correlation of over three orders of magnitude, suggesting that a common mechanism drives the magnetic fields of these stars. This positive correlation implies that stars with larger spot sizes experience greater variation amplitudes due to rotational modulations. For the Sun, both the mean magnetic field strength value and its variation amplitude tend to be higher during solar maximum than during solar minimum.

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arXiv2024

The Extreme Space Weather Event of 1872 February: Sunspots, Magnetic Disturbance, and Auroral Displays

We review observations of solar activity, geomagnetic variation, and auroral visibility for the extreme geomagnetic storm on 1872 February 4. The extreme storm (referred to here as the Chapman-Silverman storm) apparently originated from a complex active region of moderate area (\approx 500 {\mu}sh) that was favorably situated near disk center (S19{\deg} E05{\deg}). There is circumstantial evidence for an eruption from this region at 9--10 UT on 1872 February 3, based on the location, complexity, and evolution of the region, and on reports of prominence activations, which yields a plausible transit time of \approx29 hr to Earth. Magnetograms show that the storm began with a sudden commencement at \approx14:27 UT and allow a minimum Dst estimate of {\pounds} -834 nT. Overhead aurorae were credibly reported at Jacobabad (British India) and Shanghai (China), both at 19{\deg}.9 in magnetic latitude (MLAT) and 24{\deg}. 2 in invariant latitude (ILAT). Auroral visibility was reported from 13 locations with MLAT below |20|{\deg} for the 1872 storm (ranging from |10{\deg}. 0|--|19{\deg}. 9| MLAT) versus one each for the 1859 storm (|17{\deg}. 3| MLAT) and the 1921 storm (|16.{\deg}2| MLAT). The auroral extension and conservative storm intensity indicate a magnetic storm of comparable strength to the extreme storms of 1859 September (25{\deg}.1 \pm 0{\deg}.5 ILAT and -949 \pm 31 nT) and 1921 May (27{\deg}.1 ILAT and -907 \pm 132 nT), which places the 1872 storm among the three largest magnetic storms yet observed.

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arXiv2024

Solar Sources of Flares and CMEs

Strong solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are prone to originate within and near active regions (ARs) with a high magnetic complexity. Therefore, to better understand the generation mechanism of flares and the resultant CME eruption and to gain insight into their stellar counterparts, it is crucial to reveal how solar flare-productive ARs are generated and developed. In this review, first, we summarize some general aspects of solar flares and key observational characteristics of such ARs. Then, we discuss a series of flux emergence simulations that were performed to elucidate the subsurface origins of their complexity and introduce state-of-the-art models that consider the effect of turbulent thermal convection. Future flare observations using SOLAR-C, a next-generation high-throughput extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy mission, are also discussed.

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arXiv2024

Convective Magnetic Flux Emergence Simulations from the Deep Solar Interior to the Photosphere: Comprehensive Study of Flux Tube Twist

The emergence of magnetic flux from the deep convection zone plays an important role in the solar magnetism, such as the generation of active regions and triggering of various eruptive phenomena, including jets, flares, and coronal mass ejections. To investigate the effects of magnetic twist on flux emergence, we performed numerical simulations of flux tube emergence using the radiative magnetohydrodynamic code R2D2, and conducted a systematic survey on the initial twist. Specifically, we varied the twist of the initial tube both positively and negatively from zero to twice the critical value for kink instability. As a result, regardless of the initial twist, the flux tube was lifted by the convective upflow and reached the photosphere to create sunspots. However, when the twist was too weak, the photospheric flux was quickly diffused and not retained long as coherent sunspots. The degree of magnetic twist measured in the photosphere conserved the original twist relatively well, and was comparable to actual solar observations. Even in the untwisted case, a finite amount of magnetic helicity was injected into the upper atmosphere because the background turbulence added helicity. However, when the initial twist exceeded the critical value for kink instability, the magnetic helicity normalized by the total magnetic flux was found to be unreasonably larger than the observations, indicating that the kink instability of the emerging flux tube may not be a likely scenario for the formation of flare-productive active regions.

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arXiv2024

Investigation of non-equilibrium ionization plasma during a giant flare of UX Arietis triggered with MAXI and observed with NICER

We detected a giant X-ray flare from the RS-CVn type binary star UX Ari using MAXI on 2020 August 17 and started a series of NICER observations 89 minutes later. For a week, the entire duration of the flare was covered with 32 snapshot observations including the rising phase. The X-ray luminosity reached 2$\times$10$^{33}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and the entire energy release was $\sim 10^{38}$ erg in the 0.5--8.0~keV band. X-ray spectra characterized by continuum emission with lines of Fe XXV He$\alpha$ and Fe XXVI Ly$\alpha$ were obtained. We found that the temperature peaks before that of the flux, which suggests that the period of plasma formation in the magnetic flare loop was captured. Using the continuum information (temperature, flux, and their delay time), we estimated the flare loop size to be $\sim 3 \times 10^{11}$ cm and the peak electron density to be $\sim 4\times10^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$. Furthermore, using the line ratio of Fe XXV and Fe XXVI, we investigated any potential indications of deviation from collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE). The X-ray spectra were consistent with CIE plasma throughout the flare, but the possibility of an ionizing plasma away from CIE was not rejected in the flux rising phase.

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arXiv2024

Persistent Homology analysis for solar magnetograms

Understanding the magnetic fields of the Sun is essential for unraveling the underlying mechanisms driving solar activity. Integrating topological data analysis techniques into these investigations can provide valuable insights into the intricate structures of magnetic fields, enhancing our comprehension of solar activity and its implications. In this study, we explore what persistent homology can offer in the analysis of solar magnetograms, with the objective of introducing a novel tool that will serve as the foundation for further studies of magnetic structures at the solar surface. By combining various filtration methods of the persistent homology analysis, we conduct an analysis of solar magnetograms that captures the broad magnetic scene, involving a mixture of positive and negative polarities. This analysis is applied to observations of both quiet Sun and active regions, taken with Hinode/SOT and SDO/HMI, respectively. Our primary focus is on analyzing the properties of the spatial structures and features of the magnetic fields identified through these techniques. The results show that persistent diagrams can encode the spatial structural complexity of the magnetic flux of active regions by identifying the isolated, connected, and interacting features. They facilitate the classification of active regions based on their morphology and the detection and quantification of interacting structures of opposing polarities, such as $\delta$-spots. The small-scale events in the quiet Sun, such as magnetic flux cancellation and emergence, are also revealed in persistent diagrams and can be studied by observing the evolution of the plots and tracking the relevant features.

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arXiv2023

Geocoronal Solar Wind Charge Exchange Process Associated with the 2006-December-13 Coronal Mass Ejection Event

We report the discovery of a geocoronal solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) event corresponding to the well-known 2006 December 13th coronal mass ejection (CME) event. Strong evidence for the charge exchange origin of this transient diffuse emission is provided by prominent non-thermal emission lines at energies of $\rm O^{7+}$, $\rm Ne^{9+}$, $\rm Mg^{11+}$, $\rm Si^{12+}$, $\rm Si^{13+}$. Especially, a 0.53 keV emission line that most likely arises from the $\rm N^{5+}$ $1s^1 5p^1 \to 1s^2$ transition is detected. Previously, the forecastability of SWCX occurrence with proton flares has been disputed. In this particular event, we found that the SWCX signal coincided with the arrival of the magnetic cloud inside CME, triggered with a time delay after the proton flux fluctuation as the CME shock front passed through the Earth. Moreover, a spacecraft orbital modulation in SWCX light curve suggests that the emission arises close to the Earth. The line of sight was found to always pass through the northern magnetospheric cusp. The SWCX intensity was high when the line of sight passed the dusk side of the cusp, suggesting an azimuthal anisotropy in the flow of solar-wind ions inside the cusp. An axisymmetric SWCX emission model is found to underestimate the observed peak intensity by a factor of about 50. We suggest this discrepancy is related to the azimuthal anisotropy of the solar-wind flow in the cusp.

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arXiv2023

Formulating Mass-Loss Rates for Sun-like Stars: A Hybrid Model Approach

We observe an enhanced stellar wind mass-loss rate from low-mass stars exhibiting higher X-ray flux. This trend, however, does not align with the Sun, where no evident correlation between X-ray flux and mass-loss rate is present. To reconcile these observations, we propose a hybrid model for the stellar wind from solar-type stars, incorporating both Alfv\'en wave dynamics and flux emergence-driven interchange reconnection, an increasingly studied concept guided by the latest heliospheric observations. For establishing a mass-loss rate scaling law, we perform a series of magnetohydrodynamic simulations across varied magnetic activities. Through a parameter survey concerning the surface (unsigned) magnetic flux ($\Phi^{\rm surf}$) and the open-to-surface magnetic flux ratio ($\xi^{\rm open} = \Phi^{\rm open}/\Phi^{\rm surf}$), we derive a scaling law of the mass-loss rate given by $\dot{M}_w/\dot{M}_{w,\odot} = \left( \Phi^{\rm surf} / \Phi^{\rm surf}_\odot \right)^{0.52}\left( \xi^{\rm open} / \xi^{\rm open}_\odot \right)^{0.86}$, where $\dot{M}_{w,\odot} = 2.0 \times 10^{-14} \ M_\odot {\rm \ yr}^{-1}$, $\Phi^{\rm surf}_\odot = 3.0 \times 10^{23} {\rm \ Mx}$, and $\xi^{\rm open}_\odot = 0.2$. By comparing cases with and without flux emergence, we find that the increase in the mass-loss rate with the surface magnetic flux can be attributed to the influence of flux emergence. Our scaling law demonstrates an agreement with solar wind observations spanning 40 years, exhibiting superior performance when compared to X-ray-based estimations. Our findings suggest that flux emergence may play a significant role in the stellar winds of low-mass stars, particularly those originating from magnetically active stars.

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