arXiv subjects

Shu-Kun Lin

Publications and source records attributed to Shu-Kun Lin.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2008

Gibbs Paradox and Similarity Principle

As no heat effect and mechanical work are observed, we have a simple experimental resolution of the Gibbs paradox: both the thermodynamic entropy of mixing and the Gibbs free energy change are zero during the formation of any ideal mixtures. Information loss is the driving force of these spontaneous processes. Information is defined as the amount of the compressed data. Information losses due to dynamic motion and static symmetric structure formation are defined as two kinds of entropies - dynamic entropy and static entropy, respectively. There are three laws of information theory, where the first and the second laws are analogs of the two thermodynamic laws. However, the third law of information theory is different: for a solid structure of perfect symmetry (e.g., a perfect crystal), the entropy (static entropy for solid state) S is the maximum. More generally, a similarity principle is set up: if all the other conditions remain constant, the higher the similarity among the components is, the higher the value of entropy of the mixture (for fluid phases) or the assemblage (for a static structure or a system of condensed phases) or any other structure (such as quantum states in quantum mechanics) will be, the more stable the mixture or the assemblage will be, and the more spontaneous the process leading to such a mixture or an assemblage or a chemical bond will be.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2008

Gibbs Paradox and the Concepts of Information, Symmetry, Similarity and Their Relationship

Information (I) is defined as the amount of the data after data compression. The first law of information theory: the total amount of data L (the sum of entropy S and information I) of an isolated system remains unchanged. The second law of information theory: Information I of an isolated system decreases to a minimum at equilibrium. The third law of information theory: For a solid structure of perfect symmetry (e.g., a perfect crystal), the information I is zero and the (information theory) entropy (called by me as static entropy for solid state) S is at the maximum. Gibbs Paradox has been resolved. Spontaneously mixed substances at gaseous state can be spontaneously separated at condensed phases (solid or liquid states), driving only by information loss or by the increase in (information theory) entropy. None of the typical pure mixing or separation processes are driving by free energy minimization and the free energy (or total amount of chemical potential) has no change during the processes of ideal mixture formation or ideal mixture separation. The thermodynamic entropy change for the formation of ideal mixtures of gases, liquids or solids is always zero.

physics.chem-ph↗

arXiv2001

The Nature of the Chemical Process. 1. Symmetry Evolution - Revised Information Theory, Similarity Principle and Ugly Symmetry

Three laws of information theory have been proposed. Labeling by introducing nonsymmetry and formatting by introducing symmetry are defined. The function L (L=lnw, w is the number of microstates, or the sum of entropy and information, L=S+I) of the universe is a constant (the first law of information theory). The entropy S of the universe tends toward a maximum (the second law law of information theory). For a perfect symmetric static structure, the information is zero and the static entropy is the maximum (the third law law of information theory). Based on the Gibbs inequality and the second law of the revised information theory we have proved the similarity principle (a continuous higher similarity-higher entropy relation after the rejection of the Gibbs paradox) and proved the Curie-Rosen symmetry principle (a higher symmetry-higher stability relation) as a special case of the similarity principle. Some examples in chemical physics have been given. Spontaneous processes of all kinds of molecular interaction, phase separation and phase transition, including symmetry breaking and the densest molecular packing and crystallization, are all driven by information minimization or symmetry maximization. The evolution of the universe in general and evolution of life in particular can be quantitatively considered as a series of symmetry breaking processes. The two empirical rules - similarity rule and complementarity rule - have been given a theoretical foundation. All kinds of periodicity in space and time are symmetries and contribute to the stability. Symmetry is beautiful because it renders stability. However, symmetry is in principle ugly because it is associated with information loss.

physics.chem-ph↗

arXiv1999

Diversity Assessment Based on a Higher Similarity-Higher Entropy Relation after Rejection of Gibbs Paradox

The diversity of the symbols of the information source is calculated following the definition that entropy is the information loss and following a new entropy-symbol similarity relation after the rejection of the Gibbs paradox statement. Diversity in a range of 0 to 1, an index similar to Shannon's redundancy, decreases with the increase in the species similarities. A pairwise similarity formula has been defined and used to demonstrated that the diversity expression gives the expected diversity. The higher entropy-higher similarity relation leads to the higher information-higher diversity relation.

physics.data-an↗