arXiv subjects

Shudi Shao

Publications and source records attributed to Shudi Shao.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Beyond Scaling: Self-Evolving LLM Agents for Hardware Kernel Optimization via an Experience-Driven Workflow and Experience Graph Memory

Hardware kernel optimization requires repeated compilation, correctness testing, profiling, and revision. LLM agents can automate parts of this process, and stronger foundation models, longer context windows, and longer execution horizons have improved optimization within individual tasks. These advances alone do not enable an agent to learn from completed optimization runs. Existing kernel-optimization agents seldom preserve a decision, its observed execution feedback, and the later decisions that use that evidence. Retaining every prior trajectory is also impractical because an expanding history competes with the current task for context. We present KOPE, an experience-driven framework for hardware kernel optimization. KOPE records optimization trajectories with correctness and performance feedback in Experience Graph Memory, then uses Active Context Management and Injection to retrieve relevant experience under a fixed token budget. The graph retains decision order, observed outcomes, and alternative branches, allowing evidence collected on the target hardware to inform later optimization steps and tasks. Under the same GLM-5.2 setting, the geometric mean of KOPE's per-operator speedups is $1.54\times$ that of CANNBot, the strongest competing baseline. In a complete 53-operator ablation, Active Context Management and Injection raises pass rate from 60.0\% to 84.6\%, increases the evaluator-reported positive-field geometric mean from 0.0382 to 0.0661, and reduces optimization token consumption from 15.9B to 1.113B tokens relative to passive agent-led context construction. Enabling Experience Graph Memory raises full-suite pass rate from 55.2\% to 84.6\% and yields a $1.43\times$ geometric-mean speedup on valid timing comparisons. These results support continual optimization through external experience while the foundation model remains fixed.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2026

Don't Regenerate, Debug: A Domain-Specific Agent for Repairing Near-Miss Hardware Operators

Kernel generation for hardware accelerators such as GPUs and NPUs has become a proving ground for large language models (LLMs), and state-of-the-art systems raise correctness through pipelines that couple LLMs with agentic reinforcement learning and evolutionary search. Such pipelines generate, compile, and execute large numbers of candidate kernels, discarding most of them and forgoing the opportunity to distill failures into reusable knowledge. Many discarded candidates are near-miss operators that compile and run but fail numerical validation; each embodies genuine domain knowledge and a nontrivial investment in LLM inference, cross-compilation, and hardware execution. We argue for a paradigm shift: rather than regenerate, debug. Debugging is far more constrained than generating from scratch: the search space is small and feedback is dense. We present a domain-specific debug agent that addresses three core challenges in autonomous repair: mitigating knowledge scarcity through retrieved patterns and diagnostic instrumentation, ensuring integrity through anti-cheat detection and full-coverage evaluation, and controlling cost via convergence guards and bounded iteration. Debugging serves two complementary roles: it extends the capability frontier by recovering operators that repeated regeneration fails to produce, and it lowers cost per deliverable operator. Debug Pass@1 achieves 66.7% versus Regenerate Avg Pass@1's 25.9% and Regenerate Pass@3's 40.7%, while consuming 92.8% fewer tokens per success than three-trial regeneration. Component ablations show that the knowledge base drives recovery, while integrity gates reject 12.5-33.3% of the successes the workflow itself accepted.

cs.SE↗

arXiv2026

AscendCraft: Automatic Ascend NPU Kernel Generation via DSL-Guided Transcompilation

The performance of deep learning models critically depends on efficient kernel implementations, yet developing high-performance kernels for specialized accelerators remains time-consuming and expertise-intensive. While recent work demonstrates that large language models (LLMs) can generate correct and performant GPU kernels, kernel generation for neural processing units (NPUs) remains largely underexplored due to domain-specific programming models, limited public examples, and sparse documentation. Consequently, directly generating AscendC kernels with LLMs yields extremely low correctness, highlighting a substantial gap between GPU and NPU kernel generation. We present AscendCraft, a DSL-guided approach for automatic AscendC kernel generation. AscendCraft introduces a lightweight DSL that abstracts non-essential complexity while explicitly modeling Ascend-specific execution semantics. Kernels are first generated in the DSL using category-specific expert examples and then transcompiled into AscendC through structured, constraint-driven LLM lowering passes. Evaluated on MultiKernelBench across seven operator categories, AscendCraft achieves 98.1% compilation success and 90.4% functional correctness. Moreover, 46.2% of generated kernels match or exceed PyTorch eager execution performance, demonstrating that DSL-guided transcompilation can enable LLMs to generate both correct and competitive NPU kernels. Beyond benchmarks, AscendCraft further demonstrates its generality by successfully generating two correct kernels for newly proposed mHC architecture, achieving performance that substantially surpasses PyTorch eager execution.

cs.DC↗