arXiv subjects

Siddhartha Patra

Publications and source records attributed to Siddhartha Patra.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Hacking Cryptographic Protocols with Tensor Network Attacks

Here we introduce the application of Tensor Networks (TN) to launch attacks on symmetric-key cryptography. Our approaches make use of Matrix Product States (MPS) as well as our recently-introduced Flexible-PEPS Quantum Circuit Simulator (FQCS). We compare these approaches with traditional brute-force attacks and Variational Quantum Attack Algorithm (VQAA) methods also proposed by us. Our benchmarks include the Simplified Data Encryption Standard (S-DES) with 10-bit keys, Simplified Advanced Encryption Standard (S-AES) with 16-bit keys, and Blowfish with 32-bit keys. We find that for small key size, MPS outperforms VQAA and FQCS in both time and average iterations required to recover the key. As key size increases, FQCS becomes more efficient in terms of average iterations compared to VQAA and MPS, while MPS remains the fastest in terms of time. These results highlight the potential of TN methods in advancing quantum cryptanalysis, particularly in optimizing both speed and efficiency. Our results also show that entanglement becomes crucial as key size increases.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2025

Accelerating Photonic Integrated Circuit Design: Traditional, ML and Quantum Methods

Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) provide superior speed, bandwidth, and energy efficiency, making them ideal for communication, sensing, and quantum computing applications. Despite their potential, PIC design workflows and integration lag behind those in electronics, calling for groundbreaking advancements. This review outlines the state of PIC design, comparing traditional simulation methods with machine learning approaches that enhance scalability and efficiency. It also explores the promise of quantum algorithms and quantum-inspired methods to address design challenges.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2024

Projected Entangled Pair States with flexible geometry

Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) are a class of quantum many-body states that generalize Matrix Product States for one-dimensional systems to higher dimensions. In recent years, PEPS have advanced understanding of strongly correlated systems, especially in two dimensions, e.g., quantum spin liquids. Typically described by tensor networks on regular lattices (e.g., square, cubic), PEPS have also been adapted for irregular graphs, however, the computational cost becomes prohibitive for dense graphs with large vertex degrees. In this paper, we present a PEPS algorithm to simulate low-energy states and dynamics defined on arbitrary, fluctuating, and densely connected graphs. We introduce a cut-off, $κ\in \mathbb{N}$, to constrain the vertex degree of the PEPS to a set but tunable value, which is enforced in the optimization by applying a simple edge-deletion rule, allowing the geometry of the PEPS to change and adapt dynamically to the system's correlation structure. We benchmark our flexible PEPS algorithm with simulations of classical spin glasses and quantum annealing on densely connected graphs with hundreds of spins, and also study the impact of tuning $κ$ when simulating a uniform quantum spin model on a regular (square) lattice. Our work opens the way to apply tensor network algorithms to arbitrary, even fluctuating, background geometries.

cond-mat.str-el↗

arXiv2024

Holographic entanglement renormalisation for fermionic quantum matter

We demonstrate the emergence of a holographic dimension in a system of 2D non-interacting Dirac fermions placed on a torus, by studying the scaling of multipartite entanglement measures under a sequence of renormalisation group (RG) transformations applied in momentum space. Geometric measures defined in this emergent space can be related to the RG beta function of the spectral gap, hence establishing a holographic connection between the spatial geometry of the emergent spatial dimension and the entanglement properties of the boundary quantum theory. We prove, analytically, that changing the boundedness of the holographic space involves a topological transition accompanied by a critical Fermi surface in the boundary theory. We go on to show that this results in the formation of a quantum wormhole geometry that connects the UV and the IR of the emergent dimension. The additional conformal symmetry at the transition also supports a relation between the emergent metric and the stress-energy tensor. In the presence of an Aharonov-Bohm flux, the entanglement gains a geometry-independent piece which is shown to be topological, sensitive to changes in boundary conditions, and related to the Luttinger volume of the system. Upon the insertion of a strong transverse magnetic field, we show that the Luttinger volume is linked to the Chern number of the occupied single-particle Landau levels.

cond-mat.str-el↗

arXiv2024

Efficient tensor network simulation of IBM's largest quantum processors

We show how quantum-inspired 2d tensor networks can be used to efficiently and accurately simulate the largest quantum processors from IBM, namely Eagle (127 qubits), Osprey (433 qubits) and Condor (1121 qubits). We simulate the dynamics of a complex quantum many-body system -- specifically, the kicked Ising experiment considered recently by IBM in Nature 618, p. 500-505 (2023) -- using graph-based Projected Entangled Pair States (gPEPS), which was proposed by some of us in PRB 99, 195105 (2019). Our results show that simple tensor updates are already sufficient to achieve very large unprecedented accuracy with remarkably low computational resources for this model. Apart from simulating the original experiment for 127 qubits, we also extend our results to 433 and 1121 qubits, and for evolution times around 8 times longer, thus setting a benchmark for the newest IBM quantum machines. We also report accurate simulations for infinitely-many qubits. Our results show that gPEPS are a natural tool to efficiently simulate quantum computers with an underlying lattice-based qubit connectivity, such as all quantum processors based on superconducting qubits.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2023

Universal entanglement signatures of quantum liquids as a guide to fermionic criticality

An outstanding challenge involves understanding the many-particle entanglement of liquid states of quantum matter that arise in systems of interacting electrons. The Fermi liquid (FL) in $D$ spatial dimensions shows a violation of the area-law in real-space entanglement entropy of a subsystem (of length $L$), $S_{EE} \sim L^{D-1}\ln L$, widely believed to be a hallmark signature of the ground state of a gapless quantum critical system of interacting fermions. In this work, we apply a $T=0$ renormalisation group approach to a prototype of the FL in momentum (or, $k$)-space, unveiling thereby the RG relevant quantum fluctuations (due to forward and tangential scattering) from which long-range entanglement arises. A similar analysis of non-Fermi liquids such as the 2D marginal Fermi liquid (MFL) and the 1D Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) reveals a universal logarithmic violation of the area-law in gapless electronic liquids for a subsystem defined within a $k$-space window (of size $Λ$) proximate to the Fermi surface, with a proportionality constant that depends on the nature of the underlying Fermi surface. We extend this analysis to the gapped quantum liquids emergent from the destabilisation of the Fermi surface by quantum fluctuations arising from backscattering processes. Indeed, we find that the $k$-space entanglement signatures of gapped quantum liquids appear to be governed by the nature of the Fermi surface (e.g., nested or not) from which they emerge, as well as the nature of their parent gapless metallic liquid (e.g., FL, MFL etc.). This is confirmed by our finding an enhanced entanglement entropy for the nodal MFL present at the quantum critical point recently discovered in the 2D Hubbard model at optimal hole-doping. Our work thus paves the way for an entanglement based classification of quantum liquids emergent from the criticality of interacting fermionic matter.

cond-mat.str-el↗

arXiv2023

Frustration shapes multi-channel Kondo physics: a star graph perspective

We study the overscreened multi-channel Kondo (MCK) model using the recently developed unitary renormalization group (URG) technique. Our results display the importance of ground state degeneracy in explaining various important properties like the breakdown of screening and the presence of local non-Fermi liquids. The impurity susceptibility of the intermediate coupling fixed point Hamiltonian in the zero-bandwidth (or star graph) limit shows a power-law divergence at low temperature, signalling its critical nature. Despite the absence of inter-channel coupling in the MCK fixed point Hamiltonian, the study of mutual information between any two channels shows non-zero correlation between them. A spectral flow analysis of the star graph reveals that the degenerate ground state manifold possesses topological quantum numbers. The low energy effective Hamiltonian obtained upon adding a finite non-zero conduction bath dispersion to the star graph Hamiltonian for both the two and three-channel cases displays the presence of local non-Fermi liquids arising from inter-channel quantum fluctuations. Discontinuous behaviour is observed in several measures of ground state entanglement, signalling the underlying orthogonality catastrophe associated with the degenerate ground state manifold. We extend our results to underscreened and perfectly screened MCK models through duality arguments. A study of channel anisotropy under renormalisation flow reveals a series of quantum phase transitions due to the change in ground state degeneracy. Our work thus presents a template for the study of how a degenerate ground state manifold arising from symmetry and duality properties in a multichannel quantum impurity model can lead to novel multicritical phases at intermediate coupling.

cond-mat.str-el↗

arXiv2022

Graph Polynomial for Colored Embedded Graphs: A Topological Approach

We study finite graphs embedded in oriented surfaces by associating a polynomial to it. The tools used in developing a theory of such graph polynomials are algebraic topological while the polynomial itself is inspired from ideas arising in physics. We also analyze a variant of these polynomials for colored embedded graphs. This is used to describe the change in the polynomial under basic graph theoretic operations. We conclude with several applications of this polynomial including detection of certain classes of graphs and the connection of this polynomial with topological entanglement entropy.

math.CO↗

arXiv2021

Unveiling topological order through multipartite entanglement

It is well known that the topological entanglement entropy ($S_{topo}$) of a topologically ordered ground state in 2 spatial dimensions can be captured efficiently by measuring the tripartite quantum information ($I^{3}$) of a specific annular arrangement of three subsystems. However, the nature of the general N-partite information ($I^{N}$) and quantum correlation of a topologically ordered ground state remains unknown. In this work, we study such $I^N$ measure and its nontrivial dependence on the arrangement of $N$ subsystems. For the collection of subsystems (CSS) forming a closed annular structure, the $I^{N}$ measure ($N\geq 3$) is a topological invariant equal to the product of $S_{topo}$ and the Euler characteristic of the CSS embedded on a planar manifold, $|I^{N}|=χS_{topo}$. Importantly, we establish that $I^{N}$ is robust against several deformations of the annular CSS, such as the addition of holes within individual subsystems and handles between nearest-neighbour subsystems. For a general CSS with multiple holes ($n_{h}>1$), we find that the sum of the distinct, multipartite informations measured on the annular CSS around those holes is given by the product of $S_{topo}$, $χ$ and $n_{h}$, $\sum^{n_{h}}_{μ_{i}=1}|I^{N_{μ_{i}}}_{μ_{i}}| = n_{h}χS_{topo}$. The $N^{th}$ order irreducible quantum correlations for an annular CSS of $N$ subsystems is also found to be bounded from above by $|I^{N}|$, which shows the presence of correlations among subsystems arranged in the form of closed loops of all sizes. Our results offer important insight into the nature of the many-particle entanglement and correlations within a topologically ordered state of matter.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2021

Origin of Topological Order in a Cooper Pair Insulator

We unveil the microscopic origin of the topologically ordered counterpart of the s-wave superconductor in this work. For this, we employ the recently developed unitary renormalisation group (URG) method on a generalised model of 2D electrons attractive interactions. The effective Hamiltonian obtained at the stable low-energy fixed point of the RG flow corresponds to a gapped, insulating state of quantum matter we call the Cooper pair insulator (CPI). We show that the CPI ground state manifold displays several signatures of topological order, including a four-fold degeneracy when placed on the torus. Spectral flow arguments reveal the emergent gauge-theoretic structure of the effective Hamiltonian, as it can be written entirely in terms of non-local Wilson loops. It also contains a topological $θ$-term whose coefficient is quantised, in keeping with the requirement of invariance of the ground state under large gauge transformations. We find that the long-ranged many-particle entanglement content of the CPI ground state is driven by inter-helicity two-particle scattering processes. Analysis of the passage from CPI to BCS superconducting ground state shows the RG flow promotes fluctuations in the number of condensed Cooper pairs and lowers those in the conjugate global phase. Consequently, the distinct signatures of long-ranged entanglement in the CPI are replaced by the well-known short-ranged entanglement of the BCS state. Finally, we study the renormalisation of the entanglement in $k$-space for both the CPI and BCS ground states. The topologically ordered CPI state is shown to possess an emergent hierarchy of scales of entanglement, and that this hierarchy collapses in the BCS state. Our work offers clear evidence for the microscopic origins of topological order in this prototypical system, and lays the foundation for similar investigations in other systems of correlated electrons.

cond-mat.str-el↗

arXiv2020

Fermionic criticality is shaped by Fermi surface topology: a case study of the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid

We perform a unitary renormalization group (URG) study of the 1D fermionic Hubbard model. The formalism generates a family of effective Hamiltonians and many-body eigenstates arranged holographically across the tensor network from UV to IR. The URG is realized as a quantum circuit, leading to the entanglement holographic mapping (EHM) tensor network description. A topological $Θ$-term of the projected Hilbert space of the degrees of freedom at the Fermi surface are shown to govern the nature of RG flow towards either the gapless Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid or gapped quantum liquid phases. This results in a nonperturbative version of the Berezenskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) RG phase diagram, revealing a line of intermediate coupling stable fixed points, while the nature of RG flow around the critical point is identical to that obtained from the weak-coupling RG analysis. This coincides with a phase transition in the many-particle entanglement, as the entanglement entropy RG flow shows distinct features for the critical and gapped phases depending on the value of the topological $Θ$-term. We demonstrate the Ryu-Takyanagi entropy bound for the many-body eigenstates comprising the EHM network, concretizing the relation to the holographic duality principle. The scaling of the entropy bound also distinguishes the gapped and gapless phases, implying the generation of very different holographic spacetimes across the critical point. Finally, we treat the Fermi surface as a quantum impurity coupled to the high energy electronic states. A thought-experiment is devised in order to study entanglement entropy generated by isolating the impurity, and propose ways by which to measure it by studying the quantum noise and higher order cumulants of the full counting statistics.

cond-mat.str-el↗