arXiv subjects

Silvia Schiattarella

Publications and source records attributed to Silvia Schiattarella.

5 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

End state of the experimental black-hole bomb

Rotating black holes can amplify incident waves through superradiant scattering. When these waves are confined, repeated amplification gives rise to the black-hole bomb instability, whose nonlinear evolution remains poorly understood despite its central role in models of bosonic clouds around astrophysical black holes. Here, we reproduce the black-hole bomb mechanism in a laboratory setting using a gravity simulator based on a draining vortex in superfluid helium. Surface waves propagating on the superfluid interface experience an effective rotating spacetime and undergo repeated superradiant amplification within a cylindrical cavity. By tuning the temperature and flow parameters, we achieve exponential growth of a low-frequency resonant mode, followed by the arrest of the instability and the formation of a long-lived non-equilibrium steady state. Using spatially and temporally resolved measurements, we identify nonlinear frequency shifts, harmonic generation, and coherent three- and four-wave mixing that redistribute energy among interacting modes. This novel end state of the experimental black-hole bomb highlights the role of nonlinear wave interactions in quenching the runaway growth expected from linear theory and governing the system's late-time dynamics. Our results establish a laboratory framework for investigating the nonlinear evolution of black-hole bombs, with implications for analogous phenomena involving ultralight bosonic fields around rotating black holes.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2026

Digital holographic imaging for free surfaces of superfluid helium

Visualising the free surface of superfluid helium offers a rare opportunity to explore wave dynamics in the limit of vanishing viscosity. Such measurements are nonetheless challenging due to helium's low refractive index contrast, restricted optical access to the cryogenic setups required to maintain helium in its superfluid phase, and mechanical vibrations from the various cooling stages. Overcoming these limitations will enable quantitative studies of surface-wave dynamics with applications in fluid mechanics, quantum simulation, and quantum optomechanics. Here we report an implementation of off-axis digital holography for full-field imaging of the free surface of superfluid $^\text{4}$He. We perform non-contact measurements of nanometre- to micrometre-scale interface fluctuations in two cryogenic systems: a traditional helium bath cryostat and a cryogen-free refrigerator. We employ machine-learning-based analysis to isolate noise-driven normal modes and their spatial structure in both systems. This enables reconstruction of the dispersion relation for gravity-capillary waves in macroscopic samples and, for thick films, determination of the film thickness from the measured dispersion, providing a quantitative benchmark for our approach. These proof-of-concept experiments show that digital holography is a powerful and versatile tool for high-resolution, minimally invasive studies of superfluid surfaces, with strong potential for integration into diverse experimental platforms.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Experimentally Resolving Gravity-Capillary Wave Evolution in Vessels of Unknown Boundary Conditions

The geometries of surface wave modes are determined by the highly nontrivial interplay of capillarity and wetting effects at the boundaries of their domain. Aside from idealised scenarios, this commonly leads to unknown boundary conditions, thereby hindering theoretical formulation and experimental analysis. To address this problem, we introduce Extracted Mode Tracking (EMT), a data-analysis framework to obtain instantaneous amplitude and phase content of axisymmetric surface-wave modes from spatio-temporal measurements. This approach uses unsupervised machine learning techniques to extract a basis of wave modes directly from collected data; the spatial profiles require no prior theoretical modelling, and so the issue of unknown boundary conditions is circumvented. Time-resolved mode amplitudes are reconstructed by geometric fitting at each recorded time-step, and the success is evaluated by a spectral signal-to-noise quantifier. Capabilities and limitations of EMT are systematically benchmarked on synthetic datasets, finding strong resilience against noise, improved accuracy over alternative methodologies, and the ability to operate with restricted domains which poses significant merit for use in experimental systems with limited measurement field-of-view. Finally, we conduct a Faraday-wave experiment in a regime highly sensitive to boundary effects in order to further validate the method, and demonstrate the observational access to nonlinear wave-dynamics enabled by EMT. These results establish EMT as a general tool for analysing wave mode dynamics of axially-symmetric fluid interface systems, and open pathways for quantitative studies of nonlinear mode-interactions, stability, and turbulence.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Tracking the nonlinear formation of an interfacial wave spectral cascade from one to few to many

A hallmark of far-from-equilibrium systems is the emergence of a spectral cascade, where energy is transferred across length-scales following a simple power law. The universal nature of this phenomenon has led to advances in a range of disciplines, including climate forecasting, foreign exchange trading, and the modelling of neurological activity. For many diverse far-from-equilibrium scenarios, the scaling laws of steady states have been successfully predicted by the statistical theory of weak wave turbulence, originally developed by considering the leading order interactions between waves on a fluid surface. However, the predictive power of weak wave turbulence breaks down in the presence of large amplitudes, high dissipation, and finite-size effects. We offer new insight into these regimes by experimentally tracking the formation of a spectral cascade under these conditions in an externally driven fluid-fluid interface. We resolve individual wave modes and observe their time evolution from one to few to many, a process culminating in a steady state with a spectral density characterised by a power-law scaling. Our findings confirm that interfacial dynamics can be effectively modelled by a weakly nonlinear Lagrangian theory, a predictive framework encompassing both underlying wave interaction and emergent behaviours of the system. Such nonlinear interactions are experimentally quantified through statistical correlations, revealing a hierarchy in wave-mixing order that confirms a key assumption of weak wave turbulence. The Lagrangian formulation further aids our time-evolution analysis; specific interactions are tracked through time, and we predict the timescale until a cascade emerges. Our findings are transferable to other far-from-equilibrium systems, which we demonstrate by providing a mapping to reheating scenarios following cosmic inflation in the early Universe.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2021

On the semiclassical and quantum picture of the Bianchi I polymer dynamics

We analyze the Bianchi I cosmology in the presence of a massless scalar field and describe its dynamics via a semiclassical and quantum polymer approach. We investigate the morphology of the emerging Big Bounce by adopting three different sets of configurational variables: the natural Ashtekar connections, the Universe volume plus two anisotropy coordinates and a set of anisotropic volume-like coordinates (the latter two sets of variables would coincide in the case of an isotropic Universe). In the semiclassical analysis we demonstrate that the Big Bounce emerges in the dynamics for all the three sets of variables. Moreover, when the Universe volume itself is considered as a configurational variable, we have derived the polymer-modified Friedmann equation and demonstrated that the Big Bounce has a universal nature, i.e. the total critical energy density has a maximum value fixed by fundamental constants and the Immirzi parameter only. From a pure quantum point of view, we investigate the Bianchi I dynamics only in terms of the Ashtekar connections. In particular, we apply the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) reduction of the variational principle and then we quantize the system. We study the resulting Schrödinger dynamics, stressing that the wave packet peak behavior over time singles out common features with the semiclassical trajectories.

gr-qc↗