arXiv subjects

Simran Ketha

Publications and source records attributed to Simran Ketha.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

On the Dynamics & Transferability of Latent Generalization during Memorization

Deep networks have been known to have extraordinary generalization abilities, via mechanisms that aren't yet well understood. It is also known that upon shuffling labels in the training data to varying degrees, deep networks, trained with standard methods, can still achieve perfect or high accuracy on this corrupted training data. This phenomenon is called memorization, and typically comes at the cost of poorer generalization to true labels. Our recent work has demonstrated, that the internal representations of such models retain significantly better latent generalization abilities than is directly apparent from the model. In particular, it has been shown that such latent generalization can be recovered via simple probes (called MASC probes) on the layer-wise representations of the model. However, the origin and dynamics over training of this latent generalization during memorization is not well understood. Here, we track the training dynamics, empirically, and find that latent generalization abilities largely peak early in training, with model generalization. Next, we investigate to what extent the specific nature of the MASC probe is critical for our ability to extract latent generalization from the model's layerwise outputs. To this end, we first examine the mathematical structure of the MASC probe and show that it is a quadratic classifier, i.e. is non-linear. This brings up the question of the extent to which this latent generalization might be linearly decodable from layerwise outputs. To investigate this, we designed a new linear probe for this setting. Next, we consider the question of whether it is possible to transfer latent generalization to model generalization by directly editing model weights. To this end, we devise a way to transfer the latent generalization present in last-layer representations to the model using the new linear probe.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2025

Decoding Generalization from Memorization in Deep Neural Networks

Overparameterized deep networks that generalize well have been key to the dramatic success of deep learning in recent years. The reasons for their remarkable ability to generalize are not well understood yet. When class labels in the training set are shuffled to varying degrees, it is known that deep networks can still reach perfect training accuracy at the detriment of generalization to true labels -- a phenomenon that has been called memorization. It has, however, been unclear why the poor generalization to true labels that accompanies such memorization, comes about. One possibility is that during training, all layers of the network irretrievably re-organize their representations in a manner that makes generalization to true labels difficult. The other possibility is that one or more layers of the trained network retain significantly more latent ability to generalize to true labels, but the network somehow "chooses" to readout in a manner that is detrimental to generalization to true labels. Here, we provide evidence for the latter possibility by demonstrating, empirically, that such models possess information in their representations for substantially-improved generalization to true labels. Furthermore, such abilities can be easily decoded from the internals of the trained model, and we build a technique to do so. We demonstrate results on multiple models trained with standard datasets. Our code is available at: https://github.com/simranketha/MASC_DNN.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2024

Peter Parker or Spiderman? Disambiguating Multiple Class Labels

In the supervised classification setting, during inference, deep networks typically make multiple predictions. For a pair of such predictions (that are in the top-k predictions), two distinct possibilities might occur. On the one hand, each of the two predictions might be primarily driven by two distinct sets of entities in the input. On the other hand, it is possible that there is a single entity or set of entities that is driving the prediction for both the classes in question. This latter case, in effect, corresponds to the network making two separate guesses about the identity of a single entity type. Clearly, both the guesses cannot be true, i.e. both the labels cannot be present in the input. Current techniques in interpretability research do not readily disambiguate these two cases, since they typically consider input attributions for one class label at a time. Here, we present a framework and method to do so, leveraging modern segmentation and input attribution techniques. Notably, our framework also provides a simple counterfactual "proof" of each case, which can be verified for the input on the model (i.e. without running the method again). We demonstrate that the method performs well for a number of samples from the ImageNet validation set and on multiple models.

cs.CV↗