Frugal Effective Models for Nanophotonic Scattering: Optimizing Global Polarizability Matrices for Metasurface Design
Accurate nano-photonics simulations of large scale devices like optical metasurfaces require high accuracy reduced models for the device constituents. We present an automated framework for the optimization of Global Polarizability Matrix (GPM) models, which represent a complex scatterer as a small set of non-local effective dipoles. Our goal is to find the most frugal model that reproduces a particle's scattering response within a user-defined accuracy. The method iteratively removes redundant dipoles while re-adapting the positions of the remaining ones via gradient based optimization, stopping at the smallest model that still meets the target. Automatic differentiation, combined with an untrained neural network that reparametrizes the dipole positions, helps to place the dipoles at physically intuitive locations. We demonstrate the versatility of this approach across diverse geometries, from two dimensional ridges over simple spheres to complex three-dimensional particles, achieving compression factors of typically two orders of magnitude compared to full-wave simulations, for target accuracies in the order of few percent. We finally demonstrate how accurate, frugal effective models enable large-scale meta-deflector optimization without periodic approximations. This robust recipe for constructing frugal effective models paves the way for the rapid simulation of large-scale photonic assemblies, required for example for metasurface design.