arXiv subjects

Sophie J. Kersting

Publications and source records attributed to Sophie J. Kersting.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Assessing 3D tree model quality and species classification using imbalance indices

We investigate the use of additional 3D and phylogenetic non-3D tree balance indices for analyzing and monitoring forests using an exemplary "virtual forest" dataset from the Wytham Woods, Oxford, UK. This study assesses 3D model quality, species classification performance, and the relevance of these indices. Our study shows that indices stemming from the study of ancestry trees of species can be successfully applied to 3D models of organic trees and, accompanied with recently introduced 3D imbalance indices, offer a complementary perspective on 3D tree models and improve the detection of deviations. Their computational efficiency combined with the simple and reproducible workflow presented in this manuscript form a computationally feasible quality control step in the 3D model construction. Species classification models reached an estimated accuracy of up to 81.8% and allowed to make confident species predictions for a large portion of the unlabeled trees in the dataset. While conventional tree metrics can already provide strong predictive performance, the addition of filtered 3D and non-3D statistics improved results consistently, particularly for minority species classes. Alongside this manuscript, we provide updated functionality in the R package treeDbalance to include the necessary functionalities and release the derived index datasets and species predictions.

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arXiv2024

Tree balance in phylogenetic models

Tree shape statistics, particularly measures of tree (im)balance, play an important role in the analysis of the shape of phylogenetic trees. With applications ranging from testing evolutionary models to studying the impact of fertility inheritance and selection, or tumor development and language evolution, the assessment of measures of tree balance is important. Currently, a multitude of at least 30 (im)balance indices can be found in the literature, alongside numerous other tree shape statistics. This diversity prompts essential questions: How can we assist researchers in choosing only a small number of indices to mitigate the challenges of multiple testing? Is there a preeminent balance index tailored to specific tasks? This research expands previous studies on the examination of index power, encompassing almost all established indices and a broader array of alternative models, such as a variety of trait-based models. Our investigation reveals distinct groups of balance indices better suited for different tree models, suggesting that decisions on balance index selection can be enhanced with prior knowledge. Furthermore, we present the \textsf{R} software package \textsf{poweRbal} which allows the inclusion of new indices and models, thus facilitating future research on the power of tree shape statistics.

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arXiv2023

Measuring 3D tree imbalance of plant models using graph-theoretical approaches

Imbalance in the 3D structure of plants can be an important indicator of insufficient light or nutrient supply, as well as excessive wind, (formerly present) physical barriers, neighbor or storm damage. It can also be a simple means to detect certain illnesses, since some diseases like the apple proliferation disease, an infection with the barley yellow dwarf virus or plant canker can cause abnormal growth, like \enquote{witches' brooms} or burls, resulting in a deviating 3D plant architecture. However, quantifying imbalance of plant growth is not an easy task, and it requires a mathematically sound 3D model of plants to which imbalance indices can be applied. Current models of plants are often based on stacked cylinders or voxel matrices and do not allow for measuring the degree of 3D imbalance in the branching structure of the whole plant. On the other hand, various imbalance indices are readily available for so-called graph-theoretical trees and are frequently used in areas like phylogenetics and computer science. While only some basic ideas of these indices can be transferred to the 3D setting, graph-theoretical trees are a logical foundation for 3D plant models that allow for elegant and natural imbalance measures. In this manuscript, our aim is thus threefold: We first present a new graph-theoretical 3D model of plants and discuss desirable properties of imbalance measures in the 3D setting. We then introduce and analyze eight different 3D imbalance indices and their properties. Thirdly, we illustrate all our findings using a data set of 63 bush beans. Moreover, we implemented all our indices in the publicly available \textsf{R}-software package \textsf{treeDbalance} accompanying this manuscript.

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arXiv2021

Measuring tree balance using symmetry nodes -- a new balance index and its extremal properties

Effects like selection in evolution as well as fertility inheritance in the development of populations can lead to a higher degree of asymmetry in evolutionary trees than expected under a null hypothesis. To identify and quantify such influences, various balance indices were proposed in the phylogenetic literature and have been in use for decades. However, so far no balance index was based on the number of \emph{symmetry nodes}, even though symmetry nodes play an important role in other areas of mathematical phylogenetics and despite the fact that symmetry nodes are a quite natural way to measure balance or symmetry of a given tree. The aim of this manuscript is thus twofold: First, we will introduce the \emph{symmetry nodes index} as an index for measuring balance of phylogenetic trees and analyze its extremal properties. We also show that this index can be calculated in linear time. This new index turns out to be a generalization of a simple and well-known balance index, namely the \emph{cherry index}, as well as a specialization of another, less established, balance index, namely \emph{Rogers' $J$ index}. Thus, it is the second objective of the present manuscript to compare the new symmetry nodes index to these two indices and to underline its advantages. In order to do so, we will derive some extremal properties of the cherry index and Rogers' $J$ index along the way and thus complement existing studies on these indices. Moreover, we used the programming language \textsf{R} to implement all three indices in the software package \textsf{symmeTree}, which has been made publicly available.

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