Two-sided bounds for canonical traces of Veronese subalgebras
The classical Veronese formula of Goto--Watanabe identifies the canonical module of a Veronese subalgebra with the corresponding Veronese module. We prove the analogous compatibility for graded duals under a module-finite extension whose upper ring is equidimensional, satisfies Serre's condition $(S_2)$, and has dimension at least two, and obtain the formula for the $b$-invariant. This yields explicit two-sided bounds for canonical traces: the lower bound is controlled by the Loewy length of the canonical-trace quotient, whereas the upper bound is governed by the $a$- and $b$-invariants, with an $S_2$-ification refinement for unmixed rings. We also characterize when all sufficiently large Veronese subalgebras of standard graded level algebras are nearly Gorenstein when the $a$-invariant is negative. Applications include Segre products, Stanley--Reisner rings and determinantal rings.