A variation on the Pólya-Segő principle in one dimension
We establish a one-dimensional Pólya-Szegő principle for the Riesz $(p,α)$-variation $\mathcal{V}_p^α$, a family of functionals that interpolates between Wiener $p$-variation and the Sobolev seminorm $\|f'\|_{L^p}$. More precisely, for every measurable function $f$, we prove that its non-increasing rearrangement $f^*$ satisfies $$ \mathcal{V}_p^α(f^*)\le\mathcal{V}_p^α(f) $$ for all $1\le p<\infty$ and $0\leα\le 1-1/p$. This result contains and extends the classical variation-diminishing property of rearrangements from Sobolev spaces to a scale of spaces admitting fractional smoothness and, in particular, applies to functions that are nowhere differentiable. Our methods also yield a sharp rearrangement inequality for a modulus of continuity defined via $p$-variation, providing an analogue of a problem posed by Ul'yanov. Finally, we sketch how our inequality can be useful in the study of nonlinear Fredholm integral equations.