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Spiros Cotsakis

Publications and source records attributed to Spiros Cotsakis.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Versal transition scenarios in inflationary cosmology: slow roll, ultra-slow roll, and oscillatory exit

We develop a physics-facing version of the persistence/transition-variety framework for scalar-field cosmology, tailored to inflationary dynamics. The guiding idea is that observationally viable inflationary models are often best understood not as single asymptotic phases but as concatenations of persistent regimes separated by universal transition episodes. In this picture, slow roll appears as a robust persistent balance, ultra-slow roll as a bottleneck passage near a nonhyperbolic organising set, and oscillatory post-inflationary behaviour as a recurrent exit sector. Using the exponential model as a reference regime atlas and the massive case as a dynamical realisation of slope drift, we show how such histories may be organised and read geometrically. The resulting framework makes explicit that the relevant regime transitions are organised precisely where hyperbolicity is lost or the spectrum crosses the imaginary axis, and are therefore invisible to a purely hyperbolic or asymptotic treatment.

gr-qc

Persistence and Transition Varieties in Scalar Field Cosmology

We develop a unified bifurcation-theoretic description of Friedmann--Robertson--Walker cosmologies with a scalar field, a barotropic fluid of index $\gamma$, and spatial curvature. For the exponential potential $V(\phi)=V_0e^{\lambda\phi}$, the slope $a=\sqrt{3/2}\,\lambda$ is a distinguished parameter, and the local phase portrait is organised by the loci $|a|=3$, $a^2=3$, $a^2=\tfrac92\gamma$, $\gamma=\tfrac23$, and $\gamma=2$, corresponding to kinetic, curvature, scalar--fluid exchange, and degeneracy thresholds. For the quadratic potential $V(\phi)=\tfrac12m^2\phi^2$, the effective slope is dynamical. We introduce the bounded variable $\zeta=\arctan\lambda$, obtaining a closed autonomous four-dimensional system in $(X,Y,\Omega_k,\zeta)$ without time-rescaling. This exposes invariant gates, robust equilibrium continua, and $\gamma$-thresholds controlling loss and recovery of normal hyperbolicity. Near the organising loci we compute translated jets, perform centre(-like) reductions, and derive canonical normal forms governing persistence and transitions. These are assembled into an explicit stratification of the exponential parameter plane and a pull-back stratification for the massive extensions, with physical path maps into the corresponding unfolding charts. The framework shows how fluid and curvature modes provide deformation directions within the FRW class and yields a regime-level interpretation: slow roll and ultra slow roll arise as persistent attracting balances and nonhyperbolic bottleneck passages, while quadratic invariant slices recover the oscillatory periodic-orbit/invariant-torus sector. It also organises critical slowing, curvature leakage, tracker exchange, and admissible sequences of such episodes along massive trajectories.

gr-qc

Mode interactions in scalar field cosmology

We study the dynamics of spatially homogeneous Friedmann--Robertson--Walker universes filled with a massive scalar field in a neighbourhood of the massless transition $s=1$. At this point the Einstein--scalar system exhibits a codimension--two Hopf--steady--state organising centre whose versal unfolding describes all small deformations of the quadratic model. After reduction to the centre manifold, the dynamics is governed by two slow geometric modes $(r,z)$: the Hopf amplitude $r$, measuring the kinetic departure from de Sitter, and the slowly drifting Hubble mode $z$. We show that the standard slow--roll parameters follow directly from these unfolding variables, $\epsilon\sim\tfrac32 r^{2}$ and $\eta\sim z$, so that the spectral tilt, tensor--to--scalar ratio, and scalar amplitude arise as universal functions of $(r,z)$, independently of the choice of potential. The two unfolding parameters $(\mu_{1},\mu_{2})$ classify all perturbations of the quadratic model and can be interpreted physically as controlling the tilt and curvature deformations of generic polynomial inflationary potentials. Thus the near scale--invariance of primordial perturbations emerges as a structural property of the unfolding of the organising centre, providing a potential--independent mechanism for an early phase of accelerated expansion. We discuss the implications of this geometric framework for the interpretation and classification of inflationary models.

gr-qc

Cosmic acceleration as a saddle-node bifurcation: background identities and structure

We show that the late-time acceleration of the universe can be understood as a codimension-one bifurcation of the Friedmann dynamical system in the variables $(H,\Omega)$. At a critical value of the density-parameter combination, a saddle-node bifurcation occurs; beyond the saddle-node, trajectories are globally attracted to a new accelerating fixed point. We obtain a normal form and a versal unfolding for the reduced dynamics, proving robustness (structural stability) of the phenomenon and deriving the characteristic square-root splitting of the emerging equilibria. We interpret the unfolding parameter as a measure of departure from adiabaticity via a modified continuity/entropy balance, thus linking acceleration to controlled non-equilibrium evolution rather than to a cosmological constant. In particular, late-time acceleration arises without invoking a separate dark-energy fluid; it emerges from a bounded unfolding of the background flow around a saddle-node organizing center. We situate this within a broader "general-relativity landscape," where control parameters act as moduli and branches of exact solutions appear as equilibrium loci, allowing bifurcation-theoretic tools to organize cosmological dynamics without introducing extra fields, and suggesting a coherent, bifurcation-guided cosmic history.

gr-qc

Structural stability and general relativity

We review recent developments in structural stability as applied to key topics in general relativity. For a nonlinear dynamical system arising from the Einstein equations by a symmetry reduction, bifurcation theory fully characterizes the set of all stable perturbations of the system, known as the `versal unfolding'. This construction yields a comprehensive classification of qualitatively distinct solutions and their metamorphoses into new topological forms, parametrized by the codimension of the bifurcation in each case. We illustrate these ideas through bifurcations in the simplest Friedmann models, the Oppenheimer-Snyder black hole, the evolution of causal geodesic congruences in cosmology and black-hole spacetimes, crease flow on event horizons, and the Friedmann-Lema\^itre equations. Finally, we list open problems and briefly discuss emerging aspects such as partial differential equation stability of versal families, the general relativity landscape, and potential connections between gravitational versal unfoldings and those of the Maxwell, Dirac, and Schr\"{o}dinger equations.

gr-qc

Friedmann-Lema\^itre universes and their metamorphoses

We analyze the dynamics of the Friedmann-Lema\^itre universes taking into account the different roles played by the fluid parameter and the cosmological constant, as well as the degenerate character of the equations. We find that the Friedmann-Lema\^itre system reduces to four qualitatively inequivalent normal forms and write down the sets of all stable perturbations that may result (the `versal unfoldings'). These sets are of small codimension up to three. We then describe all possible parameter-dependent solutions and their transfigurations to other forms during evolution through the bifurcation sets, these are also fully described. This analysis leads to a picture of cosmological evolution determined by new parameters related to codimension which are zero in standard cosmology. The emerging versal solutions are all free of singularities, while other properties of them are also discussed.

gr-qc

The crease flow on null hypersurfaces

The crease flow, replacing the Hamiltonian system used for the evolution of crease sets on black hole horizons, is introduced and its bifurcation properties for null hypersurfaces are discussed. We state the conditions of nondegeneracy and typicality for the crease submanifolds, and find their normal forms and versal unfoldings (codimension 3). The allowed boundary singularities are thus prescribed by the Arnold-Kazaryan-Shcherbak theorem for 3-parameter versal families, and hence identified as swallowtails and Whitney umbrellas of particular kinds. We further present the bifurcation diagrams describing crease evolution at the crossings of the bifurcation sets and elsewhere, and a typical example is studied. Some remarks on the connection of these results to the crease evolution on black hole horizons are also given.

gr-qc

Bifurcation diagrams for spacetime singularities and black holes

We reexamine the focusing effect crucial to the theorems that predict the emergence of spacetime singularities and various results in the general theory of black holes in general relativity. Our investigation incorporates the fully nonlinear and dispersive nature of the underlying equations. We introduce and thoroughly explore the concept of versal unfolding (topological normal form) within the framework of the Newman-Penrose-Raychaudhuri system, the convergence-vorticity equations (notably the first and third Sachs optical equations), and the Oppenheimer-Snyder equation governing exactly spherical collapse. The findings lead to a novel dynamical depiction of spacetime singularities and black holes, exposing their continuous transformations into new topological configurations guided by the bifurcation diagrams associated with these problems.

gr-qc

The cosmological frame principle and cosmic acceleration

We discuss implications of the cosmological frame principle which states that cosmological effects of modified gravity must be stable as solutions of each of the corresponding sets of dynamical equations holding in the two conformally-related frames. We show that there are such globally stable, `frame-independent' solutions describing cosmic acceleration, suggesting that they may represent a physically relevant effect. This result highlights the importance of further investigation into the implications of the frame principle for cosmological properties that rely on the use of conformal frames.

gr-qc

Sudden Shock Waves in modified gravity

We construct a generic asymptotic solution for modified gravity near a sudden singularity. This solution contains a fluid source with no equation of state and is function-counting stable, that is it has eleven independent arbitrary functions of the spatial coordinates as dictated by the Cauchy problem of the theory. We further show that near the sudden singularity the solution has a shock wave character with the same number of free functions in the Jordan and Einstein frame.

gr-qc

Legendre scalarization in gravity and cosmology

We propose a new formulation of $f(R)$ gravity, dubbed scalarized $f(R)$ gravity, in which the Legendre transform is included as a dynamical term. This leads to a theory with second-order field equations that describes general relativity with a self-interacting scalar field, without requiring the introduction of conformal frames. We demonstrate that the quadratic version of scalarized $f(R)$ gravity reduces to general relativity with a massive scalar field, and we explore its implications for Friedmann cosmology. Our findings suggest that scalarized $f(R)$ gravity may lead to simplified descriptions of cosmological applications, while the proposed formulation could offer a new perspective on the relationship between $f(R)$ gravity and scalar-tensor theories.

gr-qc

Dynamical synchronization, the horizon problem, and initial conditions for inflation

We consider the evolution of homogeneous cosmologies towards the future in a dynamical systems formulation. Using a variational equation approach, we show that there is a short period in which transient solutions between the end of a Mixmaster era and a subsequent Friedmannian state exist. Implications about the generic inhomogeneous evolution towards the future, the recollapse problem, the horizon problem, and the initial conditions required for inflation are briefly discussed.

gr-qc

Dispersive Friedmann universes and synchronization

We introduce consideration of dispersive aspects of standard perfect fluid Friedmann cosmology and study the new qualitative behaviours of cosmological solutions that emerge as the fluid parameter changes and zero eigenvalues appear in the linear part of the Friedmann equations. We find that due to their insufficient degeneracy, the Milne, flat, Einstein-static, and de Sitter solutions cannot properly bifurcate. However, the dispersive versions of Milne and flat universes contained in the versal unfolding of the standard Friedmann equations possess novel long-term properties not met in their standard counterparts. We apply these results to the horizon problem and show that unlike their hyperbolic versions, the dispersive Milne and flat solutions completely synchronize in the future, hence offering a solution to the homogeneity, isotropy, and causal connectedness puzzles.

gr-qc

Trans-Planckian censorship and spacetime singularities

We study the effects of trans-planckian censorship conjecture (TCC) bounds on geodesic completeness of spacetime and the associated existence for an infinite proper time. Using Gronwall's lemma, TCC bounds can be derived directly, leading to a result about the absence of blowup solutions. We show that the TCC provides part of the required criteria for geodesic completeness, and we then provide the remaining ones - the norm of the extrinsic curvature being bounded away from zero. We also discuss the importance of these results for the classical evolution of Friedmann universes under the assumptions of global and regular hyperbolicity.

gr-qc

Localizing branes with bifurcating bulks

We study the problem of evolution of bulk 5-fluids having an embedded braneworld with a flat, de Sitter, or anti-de Sitter geometry. We introduce new variables to express the Einstein equations as a dynamical system that depends on the equation of state parameter $γ$ and exponent $λ$. For linear fluids (i.e., $λ=1$), our formulation leads to a partial decoupling of the equations and thus to an exact solution. We find that such a fluid develops a transcritical bifurcation around the value $γ=-1/2$, and study how this behaviour affects to stability of the solutions. For nonlinear fluids, the situation is more diverse. We find an overall attractor at $λ=1/2$ and draw enough phase portraits to exhibit in detail the overall dynamics. We show that the value $λ=3/2$ is structurally unstable and typical for other forms of $λ$. Consequently, we observe a noticeable dependence of the qualitative behaviour of the solutions on different `polytropic' forms of the fluid bulk. In addition, we prove the existence of a Dulac function for nonlinear fluids, signifying the impossibility of closed orbits in certain subsets of the phase space. We also provide ample numerical evidence of gravity localizing solutions on the brane which satisfy all energy conditions.

hep-th

The conformal cosmological potential

We discuss qualitative features of the conformal relation between certain classes of gravity theories and general relativity, common to different themes such as $f(R)$, Brans-Dicke-type, and string theories. We focus primarily on the frame relations of the fields involved, slice energy, traceless and Palatini extensions, and selected cosmological applications.

gr-qc

100 years of mathematical cosmology: Models, theories, and problems

An elementary survey of mathematical cosmology is presented. We cover certain key ideas and developments in a qualitative way, from the time of the Einstein static universe in 1917 until today. We divide our presentation into four main parts, the first part containing important cosmologies discovered until 1960. The second period (1960-80) contains discussions of geometric extensions of the standard cosmology, singularities, chaotic behaviour, and the initial input of particle physics ideas into cosmology. Our survey for the third period (1980-2000) continues with brief descriptions of the main ideas of inflation, the multiverse, quantum, Kaluza-Klein, and string cosmologies, wormholes and baby universes, cosmological stability, and modified gravity. The last period which ends today includes various more advanced topics such as M-theoretic cosmology, braneworlds, the landscape, topological issues, the measure problem, genericity, dynamical singularities, and dark energy. We emphasize certain threads that run throughout the whole period of development of theoretical cosmology and underline their importance in the overall structure of the field. We end this outline with an inclusion of the abstracts of all papers contributed to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, Theme Issue `The Future of Mathematical Cosmology'.

physics.hist-ph

Brane-world asymptotics in a nonlinear fluid bulk

We present recent results on the asymptotics of a brane-world that consists of a flat 3-brane embedded in a five-dimensional bulk. The bulk matter is modelled by a fluid that satisfies a nonlinear equation of state. We show that for appropriate ranges of the equation of state parameters, it is possible to construct a regular solution, compatible with energy conditions, that successfully localizes gravity on the brane. These results improve significantly previous findings on the study of a bulk fluid with a linear equation of state.

hep-th