Design and modelling of compliant mechanisms with invertible Poisson's ratio effect for growing biological cells
The behaviour of biological cells depends on the mechanical properties, such as Elastic Modulus and Poisson's ratio, of the substrate they adhere to. Tunable materials such as polyacrylamide gels and hydrogels were previously used as substrates to understand this dependence. However, these substrates do not facilitate changing their elastic properties in situ while cells are growing on them. This work presents an alternate approach that enables this--substrates based on tunable compliant micro mechanisms. In particular, the mechanism proposed here has an invertible Poisson's ratio effect. In the first configuration, the effect is positive, and in the second, it is negative, with any desired magnitude. We achieve this by changing the stiffness between two internal points of a mechanism with the shape of a re-entrant structure. An increase in stiffness causes the direction of deformation along the lateral axis to reverse for a given reference load along the horizontal axis. We derive analytical expressions that relate the geometric parameters to the ratio of input and output displacements for both mechanism configurations. The analytical modelling is verified with finite element analysis and experiments on mesoscale design prototypes of both configurations.