Searcharxiv⌕ Search

arXiv subjects

Stefan Kraus

Publications and source records attributed to Stefan Kraus.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

Beam combiner for the Asgard/BIFROST instrument

BIFROST will be a short-wavelength ($λ$ = 1.0 - 1.7$μ$m) beam combiner for the VLT Interferometer, combining both high spatial ($λ$/2B = 0.8 mas) and spectral (up to R = 25,000) resolution. It will be part of the Asgard Suite of visitor instruments. The new window of high spectral resolution, short wavelength observations brings with it new challenges. Here we outline the instrumental design of BIFROST, highlighting which beam combiner subsystems are required and why. This is followed by a comparison All-In-One (AIO) beam combination scheme and an Integrated Optics (IO) scheme with ABCD modulation both in terms of expected sensitivity and the practical implementation of each system.

astro-ph.IM↗

Characterising the orbit and circumstellar environment of the high-mass binary MWC 166 A

Context: Stellar evolution models are highly dependent on accurate mass estimates, especially for high-mass stars in the early stages of evolution. The most direct method for obtaining model-independent masses is derivation from the orbit of close binaries. Aims: To derive the first astrometric+RV orbit solution for the single-lined spectroscopic binary MWC 166 A, based on CHARA and VLTI near-infrared interferometry over multiple epochs and ~100 archival radial velocity measurements, and to derive fundamental stellar parameters from this orbit. We also sought to model circumstellar activity in the system from K-band spectral lines. Methods: We geometrically modelled the dust continuum to derive astrometry at 13 epochs and constrain individual stellar parameters. We used the continuum models as a base to examine differential phases, visibilities and closure phases over the Br-$γ$ and He-I emission lines. Results: Our orbit solution suggests a period of $367.7\pm0.1$ d, twice as long as found with previous RV orbit fits, subsequently constraining the component masses to $M_1=12.2\pm2.2 M_\odot$ and $M_2=4.9\pm0.5 M_\odot$. The line-emitting gas was found to be localised around the primary and is spatially resolved on scales of ~11 stellar radii, with the spatial displacement between the line wings consistent with a rotating disc. Conclusions: The large radius and stable orientation of the line emission are inconsistent with magnetospheric or boundary-layer accretion, but indicate an ionised inner gas disk around MWC 166 Aa. We observe line variability that could be explained either with generic line variability in a Herbig star disc or V/R variations in a decretion disc. We also constrained the age of the system to ~$(7\pm2)\times10^5$ yr, consistent with the system being comprised of a main-sequence primary and a secondary still contracting towards the main sequence.

astro-ph.SR↗

Gemini-LIGHTS: Herbig Ae/Be and massive T-Tauri protoplanetary disks imaged with Gemini Planet Imager

We present the complete sample of protoplanetary disks from the Gemini- Large Imaging with GPI Herbig/T-tauri Survey (Gemini-LIGHTS) which observed bright Herbig Ae/Be stars and T-Tauri stars in near-infrared polarized light to search for signatures of disk evolution and ongoing planet formation. The 44 targets were chosen based on their near- and mid-infrared colors, with roughly equal numbers of transitional, pre-transitional, and full disks. Our approach explicitly did not favor well-known, "famous" disks or those observed by ALMA, resulting in a less-biased sample suitable to probe the major stages of disk evolution during planet formation. Our optimized data reduction allowed polarized flux as low as 0.002% of the stellar light to be detected, and we report polarized scattered light around 80% of our targets. We detected point-like companions for 47% of the targets, including 3 brown dwarfs (2 confirmed, 1 new), and a new super-Jupiter mass candidate around V1295 Aql. We searched for correlations between the polarized flux and system parameters, finding a few clear trends: presence of a companion drastically reduces the polarized flux levels, far-IR excess correlates with polarized flux for non-binary systems, and systems hosting disks with ring structures have stellar masses $<$ 3 Msun. Our sample also included four hot, dusty "FS CMa" systems and we detected large-scale ($>100$ au) scattered light around each, signs of extreme youth for these enigmatic systems. Science-ready images are publicly available through multiple distribution channels using a new FITS file standard jointly developed with members of the VLT/SPHERE team.

astro-ph.EP↗

The Interferometric Binary Epsilon Cancri in Praesepe: Precise Masses and Age

We observe the brightest member of the Praesepe cluster, Epsilon Cancri, to precisely measure the characteristics of the stars in this binary system, en route to a new measurement of the cluster's age. We present spectroscopic radial velocity measurements and interferometric observations of the sky-projected orbit to derive the masses, which we find to be M_1/M_sun = 2.420 +/- 0.008 and M_2/M_sun = 2.226 +/- 0.004. We place limits on the color-magnitude positions of the stars by using spectroscopic and interferometric luminosity ratios while trying to reproduce the spectral energy distribution of Epsilon Cancri. We re-examine the cluster membership of stars at the bright end of the color-magnitude diagram using Gaia data and literature radial velocity information. The binary star data are consistent with an age of 637 +/- 19 Myr, as determined from MIST model isochrones. The masses and luminosities of the stars appear to select models with the most commonly used amount of convective core overshooting.

astro-ph.SR↗

Scattering and sublimation: a multi-scale view of $μ$m-sized dust in the inclined disc of HD 145718

We present multi-instrument observations of the disc around the Herbig~Ae star, HD~145718, employing geometric and Monte Carlo radiative transfer models to explore the disc orientation, the vertical and radial extent of the near infrared (NIR) scattering surface, and the properties of the dust in the disc surface and sublimation rim. The disc appears inclined at $67-71^{\circ}$, with position angle, PA\,$=-1.0-0.6^{\circ}$, consistent with previous estimates. The NIR scattering surface extends out to $\sim75\,$au and we infer an aspect ratio, $h_{\rm{scat}}(r)/r\sim0.24$ in $J$-band; $\sim0.22$ in $H$-band. Our GPI images and VLTI+CHARA NIR interferometry suggest that the disc surface layers are populated by grains $\gtrsim λ/2π$ in size, indicating these grains are aerodynamically supported against settling and/or the density of smaller grains is relatively low. We demonstrate that our geometric analysis provides a reasonable assessment of the height of the NIR scattering surface at the outer edge of the disc and, if the inclination can be independently constrained, has the potential to probe the flaring exponent of the scattering surface in similarly inclined ($i\gtrsim70^{\circ}$) discs. In re-evaluating HD~145718's stellar properties, we found that the object's dimming events - previously characterised as UX~Or and dipper variability - are consistent with dust occultation by grains larger, on average, than found in the ISM. This occulting dust likely originates close to the inferred dust sublimation radius at $0.17\,$au.

astro-ph.SR↗

EXPRES. III. Revealing the Stellar Activity Radial Velocity Signature of $ε$ Eridani with Photometry and Interferometry

The distortions of absorption line profiles caused by photospheric brightness variations on the surfaces of cool, main-sequence stars can mimic or overwhelm radial velocity (RV) shifts due to the presence of exoplanets. The latest generation of precision RV spectrographs aims to detect velocity amplitudes $\lesssim 10$ cm s$^{-1}$, but requires mitigation of stellar signals. Statistical techniques are being developed to differentiate between Keplerian and activity-related velocity perturbations. Two important challenges, however, are the interpretability of the stellar activity component as RV models become more sophisticated, and ensuring the lowest-amplitude Keplerian signatures are not inadvertently accounted for in flexible models of stellar activity. For the K2V exoplanet host $ε$ Eridani, we separately use ground-based photometry to constrain Gaussian processes for modeling RVs and TESS photometry with a light-curve inversion algorithm to reconstruct the stellar surface. From the reconstructions of TESS photometry, we produce an activity model, which reduces the rms scatter in RVs obtained with EXPRES from 4.72 m s$^{-1}$ to 1.98 m s$^{-1}$. We present a pilot study using the CHARA Array and MIRC-X beam combiner to directly image the starspots seen in the TESS photometry. With the limited phase coverage, our spot detections are marginal with current data but a future dedicated observing campaign should allow for imaging, as well as the stellar inclination and orientation with respect to its debris disk to be definitely determined. This work shows that stellar surface maps obtained with high cadence, time-series photometric and interferometric data can provide the constraints needed to accurately reduce RV scatter.

astro-ph.EP↗

Single-crystal graphene on Ir(110)

A single-crystal sheet of graphene is synthesized on the low-symmetry substrate Ir(110) by thermal decomposition of C$_2$H$_4$ at 1500 K. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and ab initio density functional theory the structure and electronic properties of the adsorbed graphene sheet and its moiré with the substrate are uncovered. The adsorbed graphene layer forms a wave pattern of nm wave length with a corresponding modulation of its electronic properties. This wave pattern is demonstrated to enable the templated adsorption of aromatic molecules and the uniaxial growth of organometallic wires. Not limited to this, graphene on Ir(110) is also a versatile substrate for 2D-layer growth and makes it possible to grow epitaxial layers on ureconstructed Ir(110).

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

A full gap above the Fermi level: the charge density wave of monolayer VS2

In the standard model of charge density wave (CDW) transitions, the displacement along a single phonon mode lowers the total electronic energy by creating a gap at the Fermi level, making the CDW a metal--insulator transition. Here, using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, we show that VS$_2$ realizes a CDW which stands out of this standard model. There is a full CDW gap residing in the unoccupied states of monolayer VS$_2$. At the Fermi level, the CDW induces a topological metal-metal (Lifshitz) transition. Non-linear coupling of transverse and longitudinal phonons is essential for the formation of the CDW and the full gap above the Fermi level. Additionally, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism reveals the absence of net magnetization in this phase, pointing to coexisting charge and spin density waves in the ground state.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Atmospheric characterization of terrestrial exoplanets in the mid-infrared: biosignatures, habitability & diversity

Exoplanet science is one of the most thriving fields of modern astrophysics. A major goal is the atmospheric characterization of dozens of small, terrestrial exoplanets in order to search for signatures in their atmospheres that indicate biological activity, assess their ability to provide conditions for life as we know it, and investigate their expected atmospheric diversity. None of the currently adopted projects or missions, from ground or in space, can address these goals. In this White Paper we argue that a large space-based mission designed to detect and investigate thermal emission spectra of terrestrial exoplanets in the MIR wavelength range provides unique scientific potential to address these goals and surpasses the capabilities of other approaches. While NASA might be focusing on large missions that aim to detect terrestrial planets in reflected light, ESA has the opportunity to take leadership and spearhead the development of a large MIR exoplanet mission within the scope of the "Voyage 2050" long-term plan establishing Europe at the forefront of exoplanet science for decades to come. Given the ambitious science goals of such a mission, additional international partners might be interested in participating and contributing to a roadmap that, in the long run, leads to a successful implementation. A new, dedicated development program funded by ESA to help reduce development and implementation cost and further push some of the required key technologies would be a first important step in this direction. Ultimately, a large MIR exoplanet imaging mission will be needed to help answer one of mankind's most fundamental questions: "How unique is our Earth?"

astro-ph.EP↗

Establishing $α$ Oph as a Prototype Rotator: Precision Orbit with new Keck, CHARA, and RV Observations

Alpha Ophiuchi (Rasalhague) is a nearby rapidly rotating A5IV star which has been imaged by infrared interferometry. $α$ Oph is also part of a known binary system, with a companion semi-major axis of $\sim$430 milli-arcseconds and high eccentricity of 0.92. The binary companion provides the unique opportunity to measure the dynamical mass to compare with the results of rapid rotator evolution models. The lack of data near periastron passage limited the precision of mass measurements in previous work. We add new interferometric data from the MIRC combiner at the CHARA Array as well as new Keck adaptive optics imaging data with NIRC2, including epochs taken near periastron passage. We also obtained new radial velocities of both components at Fairborn Observatory. Our updated combined orbit for the system drastically reduces the errors of the orbital elements, and allows for precise measurement of the primary star mass at the few percent level. Our resulting primary star mass of $2.20\pm0.06$ M$_{\odot}$ agrees well with predictions from imaging results, and matches evolution models with rotation when plotting on an HR diagram. However, to truly distinguish between non-rotating and rotating evolution models for this system we need $\sim$1\% errors on mass, which might be achieved once the distance is known to higher precision in future Gaia releases. We find that the secondary mass of $0.824\pm0.023$ M$_{\odot}$ is slightly under-luminous when compared to stellar evolution models. We show that $α$ Oph is a useful reference source for programs that need $\pm$1 milli-arcsecond astrometry.

astro-ph.SR↗

$ν$ Gem: a hierarchical triple system with an outer Be star

Time series of spectroscopic, speckle-interferometric, and optical long-baseline-interferometric observations confirm that $ν$ Gem is a hierarchical triple system. It consists of an inner binary composed of two B-type stars and an outer classical Be star. Several photospheric spectral lines of the inner components were disentangled, revealing two stars with very different rotational broadening ($\sim$260 and $\sim$140 kms$^{-1}$, respectively), while the photospheric lines of the Be star remain undetected. From the combined spectroscopic and astrometric orbital solution it is not possible to unambiguously cross-identify the inner astrometric components with the spectroscopic components. In the preferred solution based on modeling of the disentangled line profiles, the inner binary is composed of two stars with nearly identical masses of 3.3 M$_\odot$ and the more rapidly rotating star is the fainter one. These two stars are in a marginally elliptical orbit ($e$ = 0.06) about each other with a period of 53.8 d. The third star also has a mass of 3.3 M$_\odot$ and follows a more eccentric ($e$ = 0.24) orbit with a period of 19.1 yr. The two orbits are co-directional and, at inclinations of 79$^{\circ}$ and 76$^{\circ}$ of the inner and the outer orbit, respectively, about coplanar. No astrometric or spectroscopic evidence could be found that the Be star itself is double. The system appears dynamically stable and not subject to eccentric Lidov-Kozai oscillations. After disentangling, the spectra of the components of the inner binary do not exhibit peculiarities that would be indicative of past interactions. Motivations for a wide range of follow-up studies are suggested.

astro-ph.SR↗

The orbit and stellar masses of the archetype colliding-wind binary WR 140

We present updated orbital elements for the Wolf-Rayet (WR) binary WR\,140 (HD\,193793; WC7pd + O5.5fc). The new orbital elements were derived using previously published measurements along with {\color{black}160} new radial velocity measurements across the 2016 periastron passage of WR 140. Additionally, four new measurements of the orbital astrometry were collected with the CHARA Array. With these measurements, we derive stellar masses of $M_{\rm WR} = 10.31\pm0.45 M_\odot$ and $M_{\rm O} = 29.27\pm1.14 M_{\odot}$. We also include a discussion of the evolutionary history of this system from the Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis (BPASS) model grid to show that this WR star likely formed primarily through mass loss in the stellar winds, with only a moderate amount of mass lost or transferred through binary interactions.

astro-ph.SR↗

The First Dynamical Mass Determination of a Nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet Star using a Combined Visual and Spectroscopic Orbit

We present the first visual orbit for the nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet binary, WR 133 (WN5o + O9I) based on observations made with the CHARA Array and the MIRC-X combiner. This orbit represents the first visual orbit for a WN star and only the third Wolf-Rayet star with a visual orbit. The orbit has a period of 112.8 d, a moderate eccentricity of 0.36, and a separation of $a$= 0.79 mas on the sky. We combine the visual orbit with an SB2 orbit and Gaia parallax to find that the derived masses of the component stars are $M_{\rm WR}$ = $9.3\pm1.6 M_\odot$ and $M_{\rm O}$ = $22.6\pm 3.2 M_\odot$, with the large errors owing to the nearly face-on geometry of the system combined with errors in the spectroscopic parameters. We also derive an orbital parallax that is identical to the {\it Gaia}-determined distance. We present a preliminary spectral analysis and atmosphere models of the component stars, and find the mass-loss rate in agreement with polarization variability and our orbit. However, the derived masses are low compared to the spectral types and spectral model. Given the close binary nature, we suspect that WR 133 should have formed through binary interactions, and represents an ideal target for testing evolutionary models given its membership in the cluster NGC 6871.

astro-ph.SR↗

CHARA Array adaptive optics: complex operational software and performance

The CHARA Array is the longest baseline optical interferometer in the world. Operated with natural seeing, it has delivered landmark sub-milliarcsecond results in the areas of stellar imaging, binaries, and stellar diameters. However, to achieve ambitious observations of faint targets such as young stellar objects and active galactic nuclei, higher sensitivity is required. For that purpose, adaptive optics are developed to correct atmospheric turbulence and non-common path aberrations between each telescope and the beam combiner lab. This paper describes the AO software and its integration into the CHARA system. We also report initial on-sky tests that demonstrate an increase of scientific throughput by sensitivity gain and by extending useful observing time in worse seeing conditions. Our 6 telescopes and 12 AO systems with tens of critical alignments and control loops pose challenges in operation. We describe our methods enabling a single scientist to operate the entire system.

astro-ph.IM↗

CHARA/MIRC-X -- a high-sensitive six telescope interferometric imager concept, commissioning, and early science

MIRC-X is a six telescope beam combiner at the CHARA array that works in J and H wavelength bands and provides an angular resolution equivalent to a $B$=331m diameter telescope. The legacy MIRC combiner has delivered outstanding results in the fields of stellar astrophysics and binaries. However, we required higher sensitivity to make ambitious scientific measurements of faint targets such as young stellar objects, binary systems with exoplanets, and active galactic nuclei. For that purpose, MIRC-X is built and is offered to the community since mid-2017. MIRC-X has demonstrated up to two magnitudes of improved faint magnitude sensitivity with the best-case H <= 8. Here we present a review of the instrument and present early science results, and highlight some of our ongoing science programs.

astro-ph.IM↗

VLTI images of circumbinary disks around evolved stars

The new generation of VLTI instruments (GRAVITY, MATISSE) aims to produce routinely interferometric images to uncover the morphological complexity of different objects at high angular resolution. Image reconstruction is, however, not a fully automated process. Here we focus on a specific science case, namely the complex circumbinary environments of a subset of evolved binaries, for which interferometric imaging provides the spatial resolution required to resolve the immediate circumbinary environment. Indeed, many binaries where the main star is in the post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) phase are surrounded by circumbinary disks. Those disks were first inferred from the infrared excess produced by dust. Snapshot interferometric observations in the infrared confirmed disk-like morphology and revealed high spatial complexity of the emission that the use of geometrical models could not recover without being strongly biased. Arguably, the most convincing proof of the disk-like shape of the circumbinary environment came from the first interferometric image of such a system (IRAS08544-4431) using the PIONIER instrument at the VLTI. This image was obtained using the SPARCO image reconstruction approach that enables to subtract a model of a component of the image and reconstruct an image of its environment only. In the case of IRAS08544-4431, the model involved a binary and the image of the remaining signal revealed several unexpected features. Then, a second image revealed a different but also complex circumstellar morphology around HD101584 that was well studied by ALMA. To exploit the VLTI imaging capability to understand these targets, we started a large program at the VLTI to image post-AGB binary systems using both PIONIER and GRAVITY instruments.

astro-ph.SR↗

A New Frontier for J-band Interferometry: Dual-band NIRInterferometry with MIRC-X

In this contribution we report on our work to increase the spectral range of the Michigan Infrared Combiner-eXeter (MIRC-X) instrument at the CHARA array to allow for dual H and J band interferometric observations. We comment on the key science drivers behind this project and the methods of characterisation and correction of instrumental birefringence and dispersion. In addition, we report on the first results from on-sky commissioning in November 2019.

astro-ph.IM↗

ARMADA I: Triple Companions Detected in B-Type Binaries alpha Del and nu Gem

Ground-based optical long-baseline interferometry has the power to measure the orbits of close binary systems at ~10 micro-arcsecond precision. This precision makes it possible to detect "wobbles" in the binary motion due to the gravitational pull from additional short period companions. We started the ARrangement for Micro-Arcsecond Differential Astrometry (ARMADA) survey with the MIRC-X instrument at the CHARA array for the purpose of detecting giant planets and stellar companions orbiting individual stars in binary systems. We describe our observations for the survey, and introduce the wavelength calibration scheme that delivers precision at the tens of micro-arcseconds level for <0.2 arcsecond binaries. We test our instrument performance on a known triple system kappa Peg, and show that our survey is delivering a factor of 10 better precision than previous similar surveys. We present astrometric detections of tertiary components to two B-type binaries: a 30-day companion to alpha Del, and a 50-day companion to nu Gem. We also collected radial velocity data for alpha Del with the Tennessee State University Automated Spectroscopic Telescope at Fairborn Observatory. We are able to measure the orbits and masses of all three components in these systems. We find that the previously published RV orbit for the inner pair of nu Gem is not consistent with our visual orbit. The precision achieved for these orbits suggests that our ARMADA survey will be successful at discovering new compact triple systems to A/B-type binary systems, leading to better statistics of hierarchical system architectures and formation history.

astro-ph.SR↗