SearcharxivSearch

arXiv subjects

Stefan Putz

Publications and source records attributed to Stefan Putz.

14 recordsLinked to original sources

High finesse microcavities in the optical telecom O-band

Optical microcavities allow to strongly confine light in small mode volumes and with long photon lifetimes. This confinement significantly enhances the interaction between light and matter inside the cavity, with applications such as optical trapping and cooling of nanoparticles, single-photon emission enhancement, quantum information processing, and sensing. For many applications, open resonators with direct access to the mode volume are necessary. Here we report on a scalable, open-access optical microcavity platform with mode volumes < 30 $λ^3$ and finesse approaching $5x10^5$. This result significantly exceeds the highest optical enhancement factors achieved to date for Fabry-Pérot cavities. The platform provides a building block for high-performance quantum devices relying on strong light-matter interaction.

quant-ph

Electric-field control and noise protection of the flopping-mode spin qubit

We propose and analyze a novel "flopping-mode" mechanism for electric dipole spin resonance based on the delocalization of a single electron across a double quantum dot confinement potential. Delocalization of the charge maximizes the electronic dipole moment compared to the conventional single dot spin resonance configuration. We present a theoretical investigation of the flopping-mode spin qubit properties through the crossover from the double to the single dot configuration by calculating effective spin Rabi frequencies and single-qubit gate fidelities. The flopping-mode regime optimizes the artificial spin-orbit effect generated by an external micromagnet and draws on the existence of an externally controllable sweet spot, where the coupling of the qubit to charge noise is highly suppressed. We further analyze the sweet spot behavior in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field gradient, which gives rise to a second order sweet spot with reduced sensitivity to charge fluctuations.

cond-mat.mes-hall

Superradiant Hybrid Quantum Devices

Superradiance is the archetypical collective phenomenon where radiation is amplified by the coherence of emitters. It plays a prominent role in optics, where it enables the design of lasers with substantially reduced linewidths, quantum mechanics, and is even used to explain cosmological observations like Hawking radiation from black holes. Hybridization of distinct quantum systems allows to engineer new quantum metamaterials pooling the advantages of the individual systems. Superconducting circuits coupled to spin ensembles are promising future building blocks of integrated quantum devices and superradiance will play a prominent role. As such it is important to study its fundamental properties in hybrid devices. Experiments in the strong coupling regime have shown oscillatory behaviour in these systems but a clear signature of Dicke superradiance has been missing so far. Here we explore superradiance in a hybrid system composed of a superconducting resonator in the fast cavity limit inductively coupled to an inhomogeneously broadened ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres. We observe a superradiant pulse being emitted a trillion of times faster than the decay for an individual NV centre. This is further confirmed by the non-linear scaling of the emitted radiation intensity with respect to the ensemble size. Our work provides the foundation for future quantum technologies including solid state superradiant masers.

quant-ph

Solid-state electron spin lifetime limited by phononic vacuum modes

Longitudinal relaxation is the process by which an excited spin ensemble decays into its thermal equilibrium with the environment. In solid-state spin systems relaxation into the phonon bath usually dominates over the coupling to the electromagnetic vacuum. In the quantum limit the spin lifetime is determined by phononic vacuum fluctuations. However, this limit was not observed in previous studies due to thermal phonon contributions or phonon-bottleneck processes. Here we use a dispersive detection scheme based on cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) to observe this quantum limit of spin relaxation of the negatively charged nitrogen vacancy ($\mathrm{NV}^-$) centre in diamond. Diamond possesses high thermal conductivity even at low temperatures, which eliminates phonon-bottleneck processes. We observe exceptionally long longitudinal relaxation times $T_1$ of up to 8h. To understand the fundamental mechanism of spin-phonon coupling in this system we develop a theoretical model and calculate the relaxation time ab initio. The calculations confirm that the low phononic density of states at the $\mathrm{NV}^-$ transition frequency enables the spin polarization to survive over macroscopic timescales.

cond-mat.mes-hall

Dynamical Exploration of Amplitude Bistability in Engineered Quantum Systems

Nonlinear systems, whose outputs are not directly proportional to their inputs, are well known to exhibit many interesting and important phenomena which have profoundly changed our technological landscape over the last 50 years. Recently the ability to engineer quantum metamaterials through hybridisation has allowed to explore these nonlinear effects in systems with no natural analogue. Here we investigate amplitude bistability, which is one of the most fundamental nonlinear phenomena, in a hybrid system composed of a superconducting resonator inductively coupled to an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centres. One of the exciting properties of this spin system is its extremely long spin life-time, more than ten orders of magnitude longer than other relevant timescales of the hybrid system. This allows us to dynamically explore this nonlinear regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) and demonstrate a critical slowing down of the cavity population on the order of several tens of thousands of seconds - a timescale much longer than observed so far for this effect. Our results provide the foundation for future quantum technologies based on nonlinear phenomena.

quant-ph

Sustained photon pulse revivals from inhomogeneously broadened spin ensembles

A very promising recent trend in applied quantum physics is to combine the advantageous features of different quantum systems into what is called "hybrid quantum technology". One of the key elements in this new field will have to be a quantum memory enabling to store quanta over extended periods of time. Systems that may fulfill the demands of such applications are comb-shaped spin ensembles coupled to a cavity. Due to the decoherence induced by the inhomogeneous ensemble broadening, the storage time of these quantum memories is, however, still rather limited. Here we demonstrate how to overcome this problem by burning well-placed holes into the spectral spin density leading to spectacular performance in the multimode regime. Specifically, we show how an initial excitation of the ensemble leads to the emission of more than a hundred well-separated photon pulses with a decay rate significantly below the fundamental limit of the recently proposed "cavity protection effect".

quant-ph

Coherent Coupling of Remote Spin Ensembles via a Cavity Bus

We report coherent coupling between two macroscopically separated nitrogen-vacancy electron spin ensembles in a cavity quantum electrodynamics system. The coherent interaction between the distant ensembles is directly detected in the cavity transmission spectrum by observing bright and dark collective multiensemble states and an increase of the coupling strength to the cavity mode. Additionally, in the dispersive limit we show transverse ensemble-ensemble coupling via virtual photons.

quant-ph

Collective Strong Coupling with Homogeneous Rabi Frequencies using a 3D Lumped Element Microwave Resonator

We design and implement 3D lumped element microwave cavities for the coherent and uniform coupling to electron spins hosted by nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond. Our design spatially focuses the magnetic field to a small mode volume. We achieve large homogeneous single spin coupling rates, with an enhancement of the single spin Rabi frequency of more than one order of magnitude compared to standard 3D cavities with a fundamental resonance at \SI{3}{GHz}. Finite element simulations confirm that the magnetic field component is homogeneous throughout the entire sample volume, with a RMS deviation of 1.54\%. With a sample containing $10^{17}$ nitrogen vacancy electron spins we achieve a collective coupling strength of $Ω=\SI{12}{MHz}$, a cooperativity factor $C=27$ and clearly enter the strong coupling regime. This allows to interface a macroscopic spin ensemble with microwave circuits, and the homogeneous Rabi frequency paves the way to manipulate the full ensemble population in a coherent way.

quant-ph

Engineering Long-Lived Collective Dark States in Spin Ensembles

Ensembles of electron spins in hybrid microwave systems are powerful and versatile components for future quantum technologies. Quantum memories with high storage capacities are one such example which require long-lived states that can be addressed and manipulated coherently within the inhomogeneously broadened ensemble. This broadening is essential for true multimode memories, but induces a considerable spin dephasing and together with dissipation from a cavity interface poses a constraint on the memory's storage time. In this work we show how to overcome both of these limitations through the engineering of long-lived dark states in an ensemble of electron spins hosted by nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. By burning narrow spectral holes into a spin ensemble strongly coupled to a superconducting microwave cavity, we observe long-lived Rabi oscillations with high visibility and a decay rate that is a factor of forty smaller than the spin ensemble linewidth and thereby a factor of more than three below the pure cavity dissipation rate. This significant reduction lives up to the promise of hybrid devices to perform better than their individual subcomponents. To demonstrate the potential of our approach we realise the first step towards a solid-state microwave spin multiplexer by engineering multiple long-lived dark states. Our results show that we can fully access the "decoherence free" subspace in our experiment and selectively prepare protected states by spectral hole burning. This technique opens up the way for truly long-lived quantum memories, solid-state microwave frequency combs, optical to microwave quantum transducers and spin squeezed states. Our approach also paves the way for a new class of cavity QED experiments with dense spin ensembles, where dipole spin-spin interactions become important and many-body phenomena will be directly accessible on a chip.

quant-ph

Non-Markovian dynamics of a single-mode cavity strongly coupled to an inhomogeneously broadened spin ensemble

We study the dynamics of a spin ensemble strongly coupled to a single-mode resonator driven by external pulses. When the mean frequency of the spin ensemble is in resonance with the cavity mode, damped Rabi oscillations are found between the spin ensemble and the cavity mode which we describe very accurately, including the dephasing effect of the inhomogeneous spin broadening. We demonstrate that a precise knowledge of this broadening is crucial both for a qualitative and a quantitative understanding of the temporal spin-cavity dynamics. On this basis we show that coherent oscillations between the spin ensemble and the cavity can be enhanced by a few orders of magnitude, when driving the system with pulses that match special resonance conditions. Our theoretical approach is tested successfully with an experiment based on an ensemble of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond strongly coupled to a superconducting coplanar single-mode waveguide resonator.

quant-ph

Implementation of the Dicke lattice model in hybrid quantum system arrays

Generalized Dicke models can be implemented in hybrid quantum systems built from ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond coupled to superconducting microwave cavities. By engineering cavity assisted Raman transitions between two spin states of the NV defect, a fully tunable model for collective light-matter interactions in the ultra-strong coupling limit can be obtained. Our analysis of the resulting non-equilibrium phases for a single cavity and for coupled cavity arrays shows that different superradiant phase transitions can be observed using existing experimental technologies, even in the presence of large inhomogeneous broadening of the spin ensemble. The phase diagram of the Dicke lattice model displays distinct features induced by dissipation, which can serve as a genuine experimental signature for phase transitions in driven open quantum systems.

quant-ph

Protecting a Spin Ensemble against Decoherence in the Strong-Coupling Regime of Cavity QED

Hybrid quantum systems based on spin ensembles coupled to superconducting microwave cavities are promising candidates for robust experiments in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) and for future technologies employing quantum mechanical effects. Currently the main source of decoherence in these systems is inho- mogeneous spin broadening, which limits their performance for the coherent transfer and storage of quantum information. Here we study the dynamics of a superconducting cavity strongly coupled to an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. We experimentally observe for the first time, how decoherence induced by a non-Lorentzian spin distribution can be suppressed in the strong-coupling regime - a phenomenon known as "cavity protection". To demonstrate the potential of this effect for coherent control schemes, we show how appropriately chosen microwave pulses can increase the amplitude of coherent oscillations between cavity and spin ensemble by two orders of magnitude.

quant-ph

Creation of ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond by neutron and electron irradiation

We created dense ensembles of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in diamond by neutron and electron irradiation for applications in hybrid quantum systems and magnetometry. We characterize fluorescence intensity, optical and coherence properties of the resulting defects by confocal microscopy, UV/Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, optically detected magnetic resonance and small angle X-ray scattering. We find the highest densities of NV- at neutron fluences on the order of 10^17 cm^-2 and electron doses of 10^18 cm^-2, with spin resonance linewidths of 6 MHz. Lower electron energies increase the ratio of centers in the desired negative charge state to those in the neutral one. Annealing at 900 °C during the irradiation reduces the spin resonance linewidth. Electron irradiation furthermore results in substantially higher optical transparency compared to neutron irradiation.

quant-ph

Cavity QED with magnetically coupled collective spin states

We report strong coupling between an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy center electron spins in diamond and a superconducting microwave coplanar waveguide resonator. The characteristic scaling of the collective coupling strength with the square root of the number of emitters is observed directly. Additionally, we measure hyperfine coupling to 13C nuclear spins, which is a first step towards a nuclear ensemble quantum memory. Using the dispersive shift of the cavity resonance frequency, we measure the relaxation time T1 of the NV center at millikelvin temperatures in a non-destructive way.

cond-mat.mes-hall