Exact solution of generalized gauge-invariant Ising chains with multi-spin interactions
In this work, exact solutions are obtained for a class of generalized gauge-invariant $n$-chain Ising models ($n=1,2,3,4$) with arbitrary multi-spin interactions that are invariant under the local $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge group. On a strip lattice of finite length $L$ and width $n$ with periodic or free boundary conditions, an explicit expression for the partition function is derived using the transfer-matrix method. Two successive transformations are developed: elimination of gauge redundancy and reduction of the original model to an effective $n$-chain Ising model with all possible interactions between neighboring vertical layers. On the basis of the spectral decomposition of the $2^n\times 2^n$ transfer matrix, general formulas are obtained for gauge-invariant correlation functions and Wilson loops of arbitrary width. For $n \le 3$, explicit expressions are derived in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. A detailed analysis of the behavior of the Wilson loop is performed, which allows us to identify regimes exhibiting area-law (confinement-like) and perimeter-law (deconfinement-like) dependence. For specific Hamiltonians, the string tension is computed and the corresponding phase diagrams are constructed. The results generalize and substantially extend the classical works on the gauge-invariant Ising model.