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Stephen Crowley

Publications and source records attributed to Stephen Crowley.

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Gaussian Processes Generated By Monotonically Modulated Stationary Kernels

This article examines Gaussian processes generated by monotonically modulating stationary kernels. An explicit isometry between the original and the modulated reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces is established, preserving eigenvalues and normalization. The expected number of zeros over the interval $[0,T]$ is shown to be exactly $\sqrt{-\ddot{K}(0)}(\theta(T)-\theta(0))$, where $\ddot{K}(0)$ is the second derivative of the kernel at zero and $\theta$ is the modulating function.

math.PR

An Expression For The Argument of $\zeta$ at Zeros on the Critical Line

The function $S_n (t) = \pi \left( \frac{3}{2} - {frac} \left( \frac{\vartheta(t)}{\pi} \right) + \left( \lfloor \frac{t \ln \left( \frac{t}{2 \pi e}\right)}{2 \pi} + \frac{7}{8} \rfloor - n \right) \right)$ is conjectured to be equal to $S (t_n)_{} = \arg \zeta \left( \frac{1}{2} + i t_n \right)$ when $t=t_n$ is the imaginary part of the n-th zero of $\zeta$ on the critical line. If $S(t_n)=S_n(t_n)$ then the exact transcendental equation for the Riemann zeros has a solution for each positive integer $n$ which proves that Riemann's hypothesis is true since the counting function for zeros on the critical line is equal to the counting function for zeros on the critical strip if the transcendental equation has a solution for each $n$.

math.NT

The Laplacian of The Integral Of The Logarithmic Derivative of the Riemann-Siegel-Hardy Z-function

The integral $R(t)=π^{-1}(lnζ(\frac{1}{2}+it)+i\vartheta (t))$ of the logarithmic derivative of the Hardy Z function $Z(t)=e^{i\vartheta (t)}ζ(\frac{1}{2}+it)$, where $\vartheta (t)$ is the Riemann-Siegel theta function, and $ζ(t)$ is the Riemann zeta function, is used as a basis for the construction of a pair of transcendental entire functions $ν(t)=-ν(1-t)=-{ΔR(\frac{i}{2}-it)}^{-1}=-G(\frac{i}{2}-it)$ where $G=-(ΔR(t))^{-1}$ is the derivative of the additive inverse of the reciprocal of the Laplacian of $R(t)$ and $χ(t)=-χ(1-t)=\dotν (t)=-iH(\frac{i}{2}-it)$ where $H(t)=\dot{G} (t)$ has roots at the local minima and maxima of $G(t)$. When $H(t)=0$ and $\dot{H} (t)=\ddot{G} (t)=ΔG(t)>0$, the point $t$ marks a minimum of $G(t)$ where it coincides with a Riemann zero, i.e., $ζ(\frac{1}{2}+it)=0$, otherwise when $H(t)=0$ and $\dot{H} (t)=ΔG(t)<0$, the point $t$ marks a local maximum of $G(t)$, marking midway points between consecutive minima. Considered as a sequence of distributions or wave functions, $ν_n(t)=ν(1+2n+2t)$ converges to $ν_\infty (t)=lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} ν_n (t)={\sin}^2(πt)$ and $χ_n(t)=χ(1+2n+2t)$ to $χ_\infty (t)=lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} χ_n (t)=-8 \cos(πt) \sin(πt)$

math.NT

A Finite Reflection Formula For A Polynomial Approximation To The Riemann Zeta Function

The Riemann zeta function can be written as the Mellin transform of the unit interval map w(x) = floor(1/x)*(-1+x*floor(1/x)+x) multiplied by s((s+1)/(s-1)). A finite-sum approximation to ζ(s) denoted by ζ_w(N;s) which has real roots at s=-1 and s=0 is examined and an associated function χ(N ; s) is found which solves the reflection formula ζ_w (N ; 1 - s) = χ(N ; s) ζ_w (N ; s). A closed-form expression for the integral of ζ_w (N ; s) over the interval s=-1..0 is given. The function χ(N ; s) is singular at s=0 and the residue at this point changes sign from negative to positive between the values of N=176 and N=177. Some rather elegant graphs of ζ_w(N ; s) and the reflection functions χ(N ; s) are also provided. The values ζ_w (N ; 1 - n) for integer values of n are found to be related to the Bernoulli numbers.

math.NT

Integral Transforms of the Harmonic Sawtooth Map, The Riemann Zeta Function, Fractal Strings, and a Finite Reflection Formula

The harmonic sawtooth map w(x) of the unit interval onto itself is defined where it is shown that its fixed points are enumerated by generating functions involving the golden ratio in their parameters. The appropriately scaled Mellin transform of w(x) is an analytic continuation of the Riemann zeta function {\zeta}(s) valid for all -Re(s) not an integer. The series expansion of the inverse scaling function which makes the Mellin transform of w(x) equal to the zeta function has coefficients enumerating the Large Schroder Numbers S_n, the number of perfect matchings in a triangular grid of n squares. A finite-sum approximation to is examined and an associated function is found which solves a reflection formula. The reflection function is singular at s = 0 and the residue at this point changes sign from negative to positive between the values of N = 176 and N = 177. The Gauss map h(x) is recalled so that its fixed points and Mellin transform can be contrasted to those of w(x). The geometric counting function of the fractal string associated to the lengths of the harmonic sawtooth map components happens to coincide with the counting function for the number of Pythagorean triangles of the form {(a,b,b+1):(b+1)<=x}. The volume of the inner tubular neighborhood of the boundary of the map with radius {\epsilon} is shown to have the particuarly simple closed-form. Also, the Minkowski content is shown to be 2 and the Minkowski dimension to be 1/2 and thus not invertible. Some definitions from the theory of fractal strings and membranes are also recalled.

math.NT

Two New Zeta Constants: Fractal String, Continued Fraction, and Hypergeometric Aspects of the Riemann Zeta Function

The Riemann zeta function at integer arguments can be written as an infinite sum of certain hypergeometric functions and more generally the same can be done with polylogarithms, for which several zeta functions are a special case. An analytic continuation formula for these hypergeometric functions exists and is used to derive some infinite sums which allow the zeta function at integer arguments n to be written as a weighted infinite sum of hypergeometric functions at n - 1. The form might be considered to be a shift operator for the Riemann zeta function which leads to the curious values ζF(0) = I_0(2) - 1 and ζF(1) = Ei(1) - γ which involve a Bessel function of the first kind and an exponential integral respectively and differ from the values ζ(0) = -1/2 and ζ(1) = \infty given by the usual method of continuation. Interpreting these "hypergeometrically continued" values of the zeta constants in terms of reciprocal common factor probability we have ζF(0)^-1 \sim 78.15% and ζF(1)^-1 \sim 75.88% which contrasts with the standard known values for sensible cases like ζ(2)^-1 \sim 60.79% and ζ(3)^-1 \sim 83.19%. The combinatorial definitions of the Stirling numbers of the second kind, and the 2-restricted Stirling numbers of the second kind are recalled because they appear in the differential equatlon satisfied by the hypergeometric representation of the polylogarithm. The notion of fractal strings is related to the (chaotic) Gauss map of the unit interval which arises in the study of continued fractions, and another chaotic map is also introduced called the "Harmonic sawtooth" whose Mellin transform is the (appropritately scaled) Riemann zeta function. These maps are within the family of what might be called "deterministic chaos". Some number theoretic definitions are also recalled.

math.NT