Steven Seeger | Searcharxiv

arXiv2026

MERMAID-v1 PET Scanner Prototype: Initial Characterization and First Zebrafish Scans

MERMAID-v1 is a prototype PET scanner designed to support biomedical research involving adult zebrafish and similar species. The current experimental setup has been characterized, and scans of various phantoms, as well as adult zebrafish have been conducted. A dedicated reconstruction software was implemented, including accurate modeling of the parallax effect. The average energy resolution was 21.6% (FWHM at 511keV), with no significant dead-time effects observed for activities up to 18MBq. The absolute sensitivity at the center of the field of view (FOV) ranged from 0.06% to 0.31%, depending on the energy window (from 450-550 to 300-600keV), reflecting the limitations of the current two-head configuration. In the central 12mm of the transaxial FOV, the averaged spatial resolution is approximately 0.77mm (FWHM) transaxially and 0.66mm axially, as evaluated using a point source. Image quality was assessed using a downscaled NEMA-inspired IQ phantom and a 3D-printed Derenzo phantom. The reconstructed images suggest a spatial resolution around 0.7mm - 0.8mm, despite the lack of depth-of-interaction information. The first ex- and in-vivo PET scans of adult zebrafish were successfully performed, showing detectable tracer uptake in organs such as the brain and eyes despite low initial activity levels. These results confirm MERMAID-v1 capability to obtain useful results from the acquired data from living, anesthetized fish in a water-filled imaging chamber. While no scatter, attenuation, or efficiency corrections have yet been implemented, this work establishes a working proof-of-concept for dedicated PET imaging of small aquatic vertebrates. Future developments will focus on developing correction techniques, expanding the detector array, and integrating complementary modalities such as CT.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2026

Inclusion of Inter-crystal Scattering in PET: Analytical Models and Dedicated Reconstruction

Inter-crystal scattering (ICS) in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is commonly regarded as a degradation effect that might compromise the image spatial resolution. In parallel, the inclusion of ICS events has also been recognized as a potential approach to increase PET sensitivity, which could be especially beneficial in scenarios where the latter is a limiting factor, such as very small animal imaging. Several methods for the recovery of ICS events have been proposed, many of which aim to locate the first interaction, i.e., the Compton scattering site, usually limited by their success rate, computational burden or data and training dependency. Conversely, this work proposes a physics-based model for ICS events, leading to analytical expressions of the sensitivity image and the system matrix (required by statistical reconstruction algorithms), without the need to identify the original line of response. After validating the model, the work shows how ICS events can be integrated into a joint image reconstruction algorithm (based on list-mode MLEM) together with conventional PET events, for which dedicated analytical models are also developed. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, Monte-Carlo simulated and experimental data of an image quality phantom were obtained with the MERMAID small-fish PET scanner prototype. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that, while slightly decreasing the recovery coefficient values, the inclusion of ICS clearly reduces statistical noise and improves uniformity.

physics.med-ph↗