arXiv subjects

Subhasish Dutta Gupta

Publications and source records attributed to Subhasish Dutta Gupta.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2022

Diffraction of an Off-axis Vector-Beam by a Tilted Aperture

Manifestations of orbital angular momentum induced effects in the diffraction of a radially polarized vector beam by an off-axis tilted aperture are studied both experimentally and theoretically. Experiments were carried out to extract the degree of circular polarization, which was shown to be proportional to the on-axis component of the spin angular momentum density. We report a clear separation of the regions of dominance of the right and left circular polarizations associated with positive and negative topological charges respectively, which is reminiscent of the standard vortex-induced transverse shift, albeit in the diffraction scenario. The experimental results are supported by model simulations and the agreement is quite satisfactory. The results are useful to appreciate the orbit-orbit related effects due to unavoidable misalignment problems (especially for vortex beams).

physics.optics↗

arXiv2022

Momentum domain polarization probing of forward and inverse spin Hall effect of leaky modes in plasmonic crystals

Simultaneous manifestation of both forward and inverse photonic Spin Hall effect in geometrically tailored anisotropic waveguided plasmonic crystal system is observed through the excitation of the leaky hybridized quasiguided modes. The quasiguided modes of the plasmonic crystal manifested in the far-field momentum (Fourier) domain as circular ring-like intensity distributions, and the different spin orbit interaction (SOI) effects revealed their exclusive signature as polarization-dependent azimuthal intensity lobes on top of it. Using a darkfield Fourier domain polarization Mueller matrix platform, we have observed input spin (circular polarization)- dependent trajectory of the leaky quasiguided modes in the momentum domain (forward spin Hall effect) and its reciprocal effect as the wave vector-controlled spin selection of quasiguided modes (inverse spin Hall effect). These effects are separately manifested in characteristic Mueller matrix elements enabling their interpretation as geometrical circular anisotropy effects. Resonance-enabled enhancement and control of these effects are also demonstrated by exploiting the spectral Fano-type resonance. The far-field manifestation of spin-directional excitation of leaky quasiguided modes, their unique interpretation through momentum domain Mueller matrix, regulation and control of the SOI effects in plasmonic-photonic crystal systems, opens up exciting avenues in spin-orbit photonic research.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2022

Manipulating the transverse spin angular momentum and Belinfante momentum of spin-polarized light by a tilted stratified medium in optical tweezers

In the recent past, optical tweezers incorporating a stratified medium have been exploited to generate complex translational and rotational dynamics in mesoscopic particles due to the coupling between the spin and orbital angular momentum of the light, generated as a consequence of the tight focusing of light by a high numerical aperture objective lens into the stratified medium. Here, we consider an optical tweezers system with a tilted stratified medium (direction of stratification at an angle with the axis of the incident beam), and show that for input circularly polarized Gaussian beams, the resulting spin-orbit interaction deeply influences the generation of transverse spin angular momentum (TSAM) and Belinfante momentum of light, and allows additional control on their magnitude. Importantly, the TSAM generated in our system consists of both the orthogonal components, which is in sharp contrast to the case of evanescent waves and surface plasmons, where only one of the TSAM components are generated. The broken symmetry due to the tilt ensures that, depending upon the helicity of the input beam, the magnitude of the mutually orthogonal components of the TSAM depend entirely on the tilt angle. This may prove to be an effective handle in exotic spin-controlled manipulation of particles in experiments.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Exploring the route from leaky Berreman modes to bound states in continuum

We study coupling of leaky Berreman modes in polar dielectric films (SiO2) through a thin metallic layer (gold) and show the familiar signatures of normal mode splitting. Due to very large negative real part of the dielectric function of gold, the splitting shows up only for extremely thin coupling layers. In contrast, coupling of Berreman modes through a dielectric spacer layer reveals novel possibilities of having bound states in continuum, albeit in the limit of vanishing losses. It is shown that the corresponding dispersion branches of the symmetric and antisymmetric modes can cross. BIC is shown to occur on one of these branches which is characterized by lower loss. In fact the BIC corresponds to the point where the radiative losses are minimized. For thicker layers (both spacer and the polar dielectric) BIC is shown to occur on the higher order dispersion branches. The origin of BIC is traced to the Fabry-Perot type mechanism due to the excitation of the leaky guided modes in the central layer.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Probing the rotational spin-Hall effect in higher order Gaussian beams

Spin-to-orbit conversion of light is a dynamical optical phenomenon in non-paraxial fields leading to various manifestations of the spin and orbital Hall effect. However, effects of spin-orbit interaction (SOI) have not been explored extensively for higher order Gaussian beams carrying no intrinsic orbital angular momentum. Indeed, the SOI effects on such structured beams can be directly visualized due to azimuthal rotation of their transverse intensity profiles - a phenomenon we call the rotational Hall effect. In this paper, we show that for an input circularly polarized (right/left) $HG_{10}$ mode, SOI leads to a significant azimuthal rotation of the transverse intensity distribution of both the orthogonal circularly polarized (left/right) component, and the transverse component of the longitudinal field intensity with respect to the input intensity profile. We validate our theoretical and numerically simulated results experimentally by tightly focusing a circularly polarized $HG_{10}$ beam in an optical tweezers configuration, and projecting out the opposite circular polarization component and the transverse component of the longitudinal field intensity at the output of the tweezers. We also measure the rotational shift as a function of the refractive index contrast in the path of the tightly focused light, and in general observe a proportional increase. The enhanced spin-orbit conversion in these cases may lead to interesting applications in inducing complex dynamics in optically trapped birefringent particles using higher order Gaussian beams with no intrinsic orbital angular momentum.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2020

Realizing negative index of refraction in an ensemble of ground-state polar molecules with lasers

We propose a coherent optical method for creating negative refractive index (NRI) for a gaseous ensemble of ground-state polar molecules possessing both permanent electric and magnetic moments. Exploiting the pure rotational transition between the two lowest rotational levels of the ground vibrational state one can generate two dressed states of mixed parity using a microwave laser. These dressed states are then used as the two lower states of a Λ-type three-level scheme using two infrared lasers to couple them to another ro-vibrational level in the ground-state manifold. One of the infrared lasers is used as a weak probe and the other as a control field with a fixed detuning. We take into account local-field effects on the dielectric response of the medium at the probe frequency in terms of Clausius-Mossoti relation. We extract magnetic response out of purely dielectric response and calculate the magnetic permeability of the medium in terms of dielectric susceptibility. Our results show that there is a small frequency window near the two-photon resonance where both electric permittivity and magnetic permeability are negative with vanishingly small absorption. The figure of merit for the medium is shown to exceed unity. We interpret our results in terms of the proximity of EIT and quantum interference. We discuss the possible realization of our method using cold polar molecules that are recently experimentally produced.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2020

Direct observation of the effects of spin dependent momentum of light in optical tweezers

We demonstrate that tight focusing of a circularly polarized Gaussian beam in optical tweezers leads to spin-momentum locking - with the transverse spin angular momentum density being independent of helicity, while the transverse momentum (Poynting vector) becomes helicity dependent. Our theoretical calculations, numerical simulations, and experiments reveal that the presence of a stratified medium in the path of the trapping beam significantly enhances the magnitude of transverse momentum in the radial direction with respect to the beam axis, and likewise, also leads to high off-axial intensity. This overlap allows us to experimentally observe the circular motion of a birefringent particle, trapped off-axis, in response to an input circularly polarized fundamental Gaussian beam carrying no intrinsic orbital angular momentum. The circular motion is dependent on the helicity of the input beam, so that we can identify it to be the signature of the elusive Belinfante spin in propagating light beams obtained in our optical tweezers setup. Our work can be extended to higher-order beams carrying intrinsic orbital angular momentum leading to simple routes of achieving complex particle manipulation using optical tweezers.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2018

Transverse spin and transverse momentum in structured optical fields

It has been recently recognized that in addition to the conventional longitudinal angular momentum, structured (inhomogeneous) optical fields exhibit helicity-independent transverse spin angular momentum (SAM) and an unusual spin (circular polarization)- dependent transverse momentum, the so-called Belinfante's spin momentum. Such highly nontrivial structure of the momentum and the spin densities in the structured optical fields (e.g., evanescent fields) has led to a number of fundamentally interesting and intricate phenomena, e.g., the quantum spin Hall effect of light and the optical spin-momentum locking in surface optical modes similar to that observed for electrons in topological insulators. In this review, we introduce the basic concepts and look into the genesis of transverse SAM and transverse spin momentum in structured light. We then discuss few illustrative examples of micro and nano optical systems where these illusive entities can be observed. The studied systems include planar and spherical micro and nano structures. We also investigate the ways and means of enhancing the elusive extraordinary spin. In particular, we show that dispersion management leading to avoided crossing along with perfect absorption mediated by recently discovered coherent perfect absorption can positively influence the resonant enhancement of the transverse spin and spin momentum. The role of mode mixing and interference of neighboring TE and TM scattering modes of diverse micro and nano optical systems are illustrated with the selected examples. The results demonstrate possibilities for the enhancement of not only the magnitudes but also the spatial extent of transverse SAM and the transverse momentum components, which opens up interesting avenues for experimental detection of these illusive fundamental entities and may enhance the ensuing spin-based photonic applications.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2018

Experimental probe of weak value amplification and geometric phase through the complex zeroes of the response function

The extraordinary concept of weak value amplification has attracted considerable attention for addressing foundational questions in quantum mechanics and for metrological applications in high precision measurement of small physical parameters. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a fundamental relationship between the weak value of an observable and complex zero of the response function of a system by employing weak value amplification of spin Hall shift of a Gaussian light beam. Using this relationship, we show that arbitrarily large weak value amplification far beyond the conventional weak measurement limit can be experimentally obtained from the position of the minima of the pointer intensity profile corresponding to the real part of the complex zero of the response function. The imaginary part of the complex zero, on the other hand, is related to the spatial gradient of geometric phase of light, which in this particular scenario evolves due to the weak interaction and the pre and post selections of the polarization states. These universal relationships between the weak values and the complex zeros of the response function may provide new insights on weak measurements in a wide class of physical systems. Extremely large weak value amplification and extraction of system parameters outside the region of validity of conventional weak measurements may open up a new paradigm of weak measurement enhancing its metrological applications.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2018

Transverse spin in scattering of focused radially and azimuthally polarized vector beams

We study the effect of focusing of the radially and azimuthally polarized vector beams on the spin angular momentum (SAM) density and Poynting vector of scattered waves from a Mie particle. Remarkably, the study reveals that the SAM density of the scattered field is solely transverse in nature for radially and azimuthally polarized incident vector beams; however the Poynting vector shows usual longitudinal character. We also demonstrate that the transverse SAM density can further be tuned with wavelength and focusing of the incident beam by exploiting the interference of different scattering modes. These results may stimulate further experimental technique of detecting the transverse spin and Belinfante's spin-momentum densities.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2017

Number-phase uncertainty and quantum dynamics of bosons and fermions interacting with a finite range and large scattering length in a double-well potential

We define the standard quantum limit (SQL) for phase and number fluctuations, and describe two-mode squeezing for number and phase variables. When phase is treated as a unitary quantum-mechanical operator, number and phase operators satisfy an uncertainty relation. As a result, the usual definition of number squeezing parameter becomes modified. Two-mode number squeezing occurs when the number fluctuation goes below the SQL at the cost of enhanced phase fluctuation. As an application of number-phase uncertainty, we consider bosons or fermions trapped in a quasi-one dimensional double-well (DW) potential interacting via a 3D finite-range two-body interaction potential with large scattering length $a_s$. Under tight-binding or two-mode approximation, we describe in detail the effects of the range of interaction on the quantum dynamics and number-phase uncertainty in the strongly interacting or unitarity regime $a_s \rightarrow \pm \infty$. Our results show intriguing coherent dynamics of number-phase uncertainty with number-squeezing for bosons and phase squeezing for fermions. Our results may be important for exploring new quantum interferometry, Josephson oscillations, Bose-Hubbard and Fermi-Hubbard physics with ultracold atoms in DW potentials or DW optical lattices. Particularly interesting will be the question of the importance of quantum phase operators in two-atom interferometry and entanglement.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2017

Cavity Enhanced Interference of Orthogonal Modes in a Birefringent Medium

Interference of orthogonal modes in a birefringent crystal is known to lead to interesting physical effects (Solli et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 143906 (2003)). In this paper we show that the cavity with an intra-cavity rotator can enhance the mixing to the extent of normal mode splitting and avoided crossing depending on the orientation of the rotator with respect to the optic axis of the crystal. A high finesse cavity is shown to be capable of resolving small angles. The results are based on direct calculations of the cavity transmissions along with an analysis of its dispersion relation.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2017

Consequences of nonreciprocity in reflection from a truncated spatial Kramers-Kronig medium

We study the truncated Kramers-Kronig (KK) medium to reveal the effects of nonreciprocity in reflection on the scattering and the wave guiding properties. We focus on the simplest possible spatial profile mimicking the dielectric response. We show that a finite slab of KK medium can support only one sided null scattering under bidirectional identical illumination. However, for a phase lag between the two incident beams it is possible to have null scattering on the other side. This is shown to be a consequence of the nonreciprocity in reflection due to the inherent asymmetry of the KK medium. We further look at the possibility of surface modes for unidirectional illumination. For specific range of parameters, we show the existence of TM polarized surface plasmons only for illumination from one side. The origin of such modes is traced to the inhomogeneous metal like layer with negative real part of the permittivity in the KK medium.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2017

Effects of mode mixing and avoided crossings on the transverse spin in a metal-dielectic-metal sphere

We study transverse spin in a sub-wavelength metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) sphere when the MDM sphere exhibits avoided crossing due to hybridization of the surface plasmon with the Mie localized plasmon. We show that the change in the absorptive and dipersive character near the crossing can have significant effect on the transverse spin. An enhancement in the transverse spin is shown to be possible associated with the transparency (suppression of extinction) of the MDM sphere. The effect is attributed to the highly structured field emerging as a consequence of competition of the electric and magnetic modes.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2016

Transverse spin and transverse momentum in scattering of plane waves

We study the near field to the far field evolution of spin angular momentum (SAM) density and the Poynting vector of the scattered waves from spherical scatterers. The results show that at the near field, the SAM density and the Poynting vector are dominated by their transverse components. While the former (transverse SAM) is independent of the helicity of the incident circular polarization state, the latter (transverse Poynting vector) depends upon the polarization state. It is further demonstrated that the magnitudes and the spatial extent of the transverse SAM and the transverse momentum components can be controllably enhanced by exploiting the interference of the transverse electric and transverse magnetic scattering modes.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2013

Regularization of the spectral singularity in $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric systems by all order nonlinearities: Nonreciprocity and optical isolation

Spectral singularities are ubiquitous with PT-symmetry leading to infinite transmission and reflection coefficients. Such infinities imply the divergence of the fields in the medium thereby breaking the very assumption of the linearity of the medium used to obtain such singularities. We identify saturable nonlinearity retaining contributions from all orders of the field to limit the infinite growth and regularize the spectral singularity. We present explicit numerical results to demonstrate regularization. The all order nonlinear PT-symmetric device is shown to exhibit very effective isolation or optical diode action, since transmission through such a system is nonreciprocal. In contrast, a linear system or a system with Kerr nonlinearity is known to have only reciprocal transmission. Further we demonstrate optical bistability for such a system with high contrast.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2013

Enhanced topological phase and spin Hall shifts in an optical trap

The spin orbit interaction (SOI) of light has been in the focus in recent times because of fundamental consequences and potential applications in diverse systems ranging from inhomogeneous anisotropic media to engineered plasmonics and metamaterial strutures. Here we demonstrate perhaps one of the simplest means to realize SOI and the Spin Hall Shift (SHS) using a standard Gaussian TEM$_{00}$ beam in an optical trap. Our system exploits the versatility and interference generated in a stratified medium to control and manipulate SOI and transfer the resulting angular momentum to optically trapped micro-particles. We show that even such a simple setup can lead to an order of magnitude enhancement in the SHS compared to the sub-wavelength shifts typically obtained. Importantly, this leads to controlled rotation of mesoscopic particles using a fundamental Gaussian beam lacking any intrinsic angular momentum.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2013

Controlled transportation of mesoscopic particles by enhanced spin orbit interaction of light in an optical trap

We study the effects of the spin orbit interaction (SOI) of light in an optical trap and show that the propagation of the tightly focused trapping beam in a stratified medium can lead to significantly enhanced SOI. For a plane polarized incident beam the SOI manifests itself by giving rise to a strong anisotropic linear diattenuation effect which produces polarization-dependent off-axis high intensity side lobes near the focal plane of the trap. Single micron-sized asymmetric particles can be trapped in the side lobes, and transported over circular paths by a rotation of the plane of input polarization. We demonstrate such controlled motion on single pea-pod shaped single soft oxometalate (SOM) particles of dimension around $1\times 0.5μ$m over lengths up to $\sim$15 $μ$m . The observed effects are supported by calculations of the intensity profiles based on a variation of the Debye-Wolf approach. The enhanced SOI could thus be used as a generic means of transporting mesoscopic asymmetric particles in an optical trap without the use of complex optical beams or changing the alignment of the beam into the trap.

physics.optics↗