arXiv subjects

Suhas S. Jain

Publications and source records attributed to Suhas S. Jain.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Dynamics of finger-type convection in double-diffusive instability

Finger-type convection in double-diffusive instability (DDI) controls mixing and scalar transport in many stratified flows, yet a quantitative, finger-resolved description of the transient growth, transport, and saturation pathways has been limited. Here, finger-type DDI is analyzed in a sealed-surface laboratory facility using synchronized planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) at fixed thermal contrast $ΔT=5^\circ$C and three salinity contrasts, $ΔS=350$, 450, and 550 ppm, complemented by a matched high-resolution three-dimensional DNS. A systematic fingertip detection and tracking framework generates ensemble growth curves. Fingertip growth follows a sequence of three stages (acceleration, quasi-steady propagation, and decay). The peak growth rates increase monotonically with $ΔS$, and nondimensional fingertip-height histories collapse onto a common trend. The peak growth rates are reproduced by DNS and agree with linear stability analysis, establishing experiment--DNS--theory consistency in the intermediate regime. The mixed-material area increases with time, initially following a common nondimensional trend before transitioning to $ΔS$-dependent interaction and breakdown. Finger-scale measurements reveal the formation of a symmetric vortex ring at the fingertips for $ΔS=450$ ppm, inducing vertical-aligned transport. At $ΔS=550$ ppm the roll-up becomes asymmetric: stronger buoyancy amplifies shear, destabilizes the vortex ring, and produces a zig-zag/lateral-drift mode that enhances the lateral transport. Finally, the evolution of the buoyancy anomaly links the growth-rate phases to a time-dependent force balance in which increasing buoyancy drives acceleration, shear-induced resistance regulates quasi-steady propagation, and dilution with top-boundary influence yields late-stage fingertip deceleration.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

A diffuse-interface method for compressible two-phase flows with seven- and six-equation models

In this work, a novel phase-field method is proposed for the six- and seven-equation non-equilibrium models for simulating compressible two-phase flows. Such formulations allow for monotonic mixture speed of sound, minimizing artificial wave delay during transmission across an interface. The proposed phase field formulation is constructed from the baseline seven-equation model, and interface-regularization terms are added in divergence form, while maintaining consistency between the partial differential equations without introducing spurious source terms. It admits conservative phasic and mixture entropy transport equations, thus facilitating the construction of discrete conservative schemes. The six-equation formulation is obtained under instantaneous velocity equilibrium. To avoid eigenvector degeneracy of the system of PDEs, the volumetric interface regularization flux is modified to account for a finite amount of conjugate phase, which improves on how phasic density is captured implicitly. Stability of compressible two-phase flow rely on the preservation of the interface-equilibrium conditions, and the preservation of discrete kinetic energy and entropy. A detailed analysis of IEC demonstrates additional requirements on the consistency of flux splittings between the convective and interface-regularization terms for all quantities, as well as the effects on the phasic internal energy flux splittings. A KEEP discretization is proposed and evaluated over a suite of high-density ratio test cases, including interface advection, acoustic wave-induced bubble oscillation, oblique acoustic wave reflection and transmission, and two-phase Taylor-Green vortex flow. Results demonstrate accuracy, stability and robustness for very long time integrations, a desired feature for simulation of turbulent flows and acoustics, since the framework does not rely on the addition of numerical dissipation.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

On the scaling of bubble interactions in dynamic turbulence: theoretical, numerical, and experimental study

This study investigates dilute bubbly decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence at high Reynolds number using theory, direct numerical simulation, and experiments. The turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate follow power-law decay, while the bubble population reorganizes relative to the evolving Hinze scale. When the dissipation decays sufficiently rapidly, the Hinze scale grows faster than the characteristic bubble diameter, driving the population from super-Hinze toward sub-Hinze sizes. The system passes through a mixed regime in which coalescence dominates but breakup remains active, followed by a pure-coalescence regime. Residual breakup in the mixed regime increases the number of small bubbles and enhances coalescence, leading to faster growth of the characteristic bubble size. DNS of dilute bubble-laden turbulence shows decay exponents close to single-phase turbulence and a bubble-size distribution that shifts toward smaller diameter relative to the Hinze scale. Before the transition, the distribution exhibits two power-law ranges associated with capillary effects and inertial breakup; after the transition, it approaches a single capillary-dominated scaling. Theory and DNS predict distinct growth laws for bubble diameter in the mixed and pure-coalescence regimes, together with corresponding scalings for number density, interfacial area, and coalescence rate. These predictions are further assessed in a spatially developing pump-driven bubbly duct flow at higher Reynolds number. Despite confinement, inhomogeneity, and wall production, the measured trends agree with the theoretical and DNS-based scalings. The results identify Hinze-scale drift as the organizing mechanism for bubble interactions in both idealized and practical decaying turbulent flows, and provide guidance for population-balance and interfacial-area-transport models.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

LES of Droplet Impingement: Application to Clean and Laser-Scanned Ice Shapes

The prediction of aircraft icing is conventionally performed using multishot simulation frameworks that fail to predict the progressive roughening of the ice surface. To understand roughness formation, we investigate droplet impingement on clean and laser-scanned rough ice shapes using a high-fidelity computational framework based on wall-modeled large-eddy simulations and Lagrangian particle tracking. This methodology is validated against experimental data for a NACA 23012 airfoil and a NACA 64A008 swept tail, accurately predicting collection efficiency and supercooled large droplet splashing. The framework is subsequently applied to laser-scanned rime ice geometries to quantify the impact of surface roughness on local impingement distributions. The results reveal that physical roughness induces a highly nonuniform collection efficiency, with droplet impingement intensely concentrated on upstream-faces of roughness elements, creating sheltered shadow zones immediately downstream. While the spanwise-averaged collection efficiency remains remarkably similar to that of an equivalent smooth body, idealized smooth surfaces completely suppress these localized impingement peaks. Ice accretion simulations demonstrate that this localized impingement creates a self-reinforcing feedback loop, actively amplifying existing roughness features over time. These findings provide a direct physical explanation for the formation of characteristic rime ice structures and highlight the critical role of local surface topology in the accretion process.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Learning subgrid interfacial area in two-phase flows with regime-dependent inductive biases

The reliability of machine learning in multiscale physical systems depends on how physical structure is embedded into the learning process. We investigate this in the context of turbulent multiphase flows, focusing on the prediction of subgrid interfacial area density, a key quantity governing interphase transport that remains unresolved in large-eddy simulations. In this work, we develop and evaluate two machine learning subgrid closure models to predict the three-dimensional subgrid interfacial area density: a purely data-driven 3D encoder-decoder network, and a physics-constrained variant regularized by a fractal geometric prior. Across a range of Weber numbers, the physics-based model improves predictive accuracy, reduces error variance, and suppresses nonphysical artifacts relative to purely data-driven approaches. We also show that these gains are regime-dependent: the embedded inductive bias enhances generalization in corrugation-dominated regimes where its underlying assumptions hold, but becomes ineffective in fragmentation-dominated regimes characterized by topology change and droplet breakup. These results reveal a broader principle for scientific machine learning: the utility of physics-informed models depends not only on the presence of inductive bias, but on its alignment with the governing physical regime. This suggests a path toward regime-aware learning frameworks for modeling of complex multiscale systems.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2025

A model for transport of soluble surfactants in two-phase flows

In this work, we propose a novel transport model for soluble surfactants in two-phase flows. In a two-phase flow, the soluble surfactants can adsorb/desorb from/into the bulk of any of the phases to the interface and can modify the interface properties. This results in sharp gradients in the surfactant concentration on the interface and also between the two phases in the bulk when there is selective adsorption/desorption, presenting a serious challenge for the numerical simulations. To overcome this challenge, we propose a computational model for the transport of soluble surfactants that can model the adsorption and desorption processes accurately. The model is discretized using a central-difference scheme, which leads to a non-dissipative implementation that is crucial for the simulation of turbulent flows. The model is used with the ACDI diffuse-interface method (Jain, 2022), but can also be used with other algebraic-based interface-capturing methods. Furthermore, the provable strengths of the proposed model are: (a) the model maintains the positivity property of the surfactant concentration field, a physical realizability requirement for the simulation of surfactants, when the proposed criterion is satisfied, (b) the proposed model maintains discrete confinement of the interfacial and bulk surfactants and prevents artificial numerical diffusion of the surfactant between the interface and the bulk and between the two phases in the bulk. Finally, we present numerical simulations using the proposed model for both one-dimensional and multi-dimensional cases and assess: the accuracy and robustness of the model, the validity of the positivity property of the scalar concentration field, and the confinement of the surfactant at the interface. We also study the effect of surfactants on an oscillating droplet and on a complex droplet/bubble-laden turbulent flow.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Scalings and simulation requirements in two-phase flows

In this work, important two-phase flow scalings are derived, which enable the quantification of grid-point and time-step requirements as functions of Re, We, and Ca numbers. The adequate grid resolution is determined in the inertia-dominated regime with the aid of high-fidelity simulations of stationary two-phase homogeneous isotropic turbulence by evaluating convergence of total interfacial area, size distribution, SMD, and curvature distribution. Although standards for DNS for single-phase turbulence flow exist, there is a lack of similar guidance in two-phase flows. Therefore, length scale ratios of the Kolmogorov-Hinze to the Kolmogorov scale of η_{KH}/η\sim We_{L}^{-3/5}Re_{L}^{3/4} in the inertia-dominated regime and the Kolmogorov-viscous to Kolmogorov scale of η_{KV}/η\sim Ca_{L}^{-1}Re_{L}^{3/4} for the viscous-dominated regime, are constructed. These scalings imply a computational cost increase like We_{L}^{12/5} and Ca_{L}^4, in the inertia-dominated and viscous-dominated regimes, respectively. A novel dimensionless number, coined as the ratio of interface scales (Ris), is proposed to aid in the classification of the turbulence regimes in the presence of an interface. Convergence of the total interfacial area, size distribution, SMD, and curvature distribution are observed for grid resolutions of k_{\max} η_{KH} \geq 60$ for second-order schemes. Furthermore, it is observed that this lower bound is the minimum required to capture intermittent events responsible for the increase of instantaneous total interfacial area. This criterion will be a valuable tool for determining grid resolution and time-step requirements a-priori for DNS of two-phase flows and for estimating the corresponding computational cost. This work provides guidelines and best practices for numerical simulations of two-phase flows, which will accelerate physics discovery and model development.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Large eddy simulations of conjugate heat transfer in boundary layers over laser-scanned ice roughness

Accurate modeling of ice accretion is important for safe and efficient design of aircraft and wind turbine systems. Heat transfer predictions obtained from fluid flow solvers are used as input in ice accretion codes. In glaze ice conditions, freezing rates and resulting ice shapes are highly sensitive to input values of the heat transfer coefficient. Hence, accurate prediction of heat transfer on iced airfoils is crucial for correctly predicting the ice accretion process. In this study, we perform conjugate heat transfer (CHT) simulations using wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) over surfaces characterized by ice roughness. The results show that WMLES with CHT accurately captures surface temperature distributions and heat fluxes across a range of roughness geometries. For cases considered, large roughness-to-boundary-layer thickness ratios disrupt outer-layer similarity, leading to substantial errors in estimating equivalent sandgrain roughness when applying traditional empirical models based on surface statistics. The simulations further show that local heat fluxes vary significantly across roughness elements due to low thermal conductivity of the solid; in particular, roughness crests exhibit reduced fluxes in contrast to slopes and valleys. Notably, as roughness height increases, wall heat flux at the crest diminishes, even leading to heat flux reversal in some cases, where thermal energy is transferred from fluid to solid. These effects are not captured in isothermal wall simulations, which overestimate the Stanton number, especially at roughness peaks. By enabling calculation of Stanton number using heat flux distributions, not directly available in experiments, the present simulations augment experimental results and highlight the importance of including solid conduction effects for accurately modeling heat transfer over rough, low-conductivity surfaces such as ice.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Bubble coalescence dynamics in a high-Reynolds number decaying turbulent flow

This study experimentally investigates bubble size evolution and void fraction redistribution in an unexplored, coalescence-dominated regime of decaying turbulent bubbly flow. The flow is generated downstream of a regenerative pump in a duct, with Taylor-scale Reynolds number (Re_λ~10^3), but turbulence decays rapidly along the duct. Shadowgraph imaging and particle shadow velocimetry are used for measurements. High-speed imaging and statistical analysis reveal that bubble coalescence dominates over breakup across most of the domain, leading to monotonic growth in Sauter mean diameter (d_{32}) and progressive broadening of the bubble size distribution. The normalised extreme-to-mean diameter ratio increases axially and asymptotically saturates at~2.2, indicating the emergence of a quasi-self-similar bubble size distribution. The probability density function of bubble diameter exhibits a dual power law tail with exponents $-10/3$ and -3/2 near the duct inlet, where the flow is coalescence-dominated. However, after a few hydraulic diameters, a single~-3/2 power law scaling emerges, indicating a regime of pure coalescence in which all bubbles are smaller than the Hinze scale. The cumulative distribution with d/d_{32} exponent (~1.3) emerges only after the size distribution stabilises. Although classical Hinze scaling gives d_H ~ L^0.9, our theory for d_{32} and~d_{99.8}(99.8th percentile bubble diameter) in a pure-coalescence regime predicts the slower law~ L^0.5, which our experimental results confirm, indicating negligible breakup and sub-Hinze growth. In contrast to current models, transient void fraction profiles evolve from nearly uniform to sharply core-peaked Gaussian distributions in the developing regime, with increasing centerline values and decreasing near-wall values, due to lift-force reversal.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Accurate calculation of bubble and droplet properties in diffuse-interface two-phase simulations

In this paper, we address the challenge of accurately calculating droplet/bubble properties (e.g., volume, number) in diffuse-interface two-phase flow simulations. Currently, flood-fill algorithms can truncate a significant portion of the volume of droplets/bubbles contained within the diffuse interface region or artificially merge multiple droplets/bubbles. This error is also dependent on the volume fraction cutoff value, which is typically chosen to be 0.5 arbitrarily, in the flood-fill algorithms. We propose a simple volume-correction approach that incorporates an analytical approximation of the truncated volume to correct for the missing droplet/bubble volumes. This proposed method results in accurately recovering the dispersed phase volumes with minimal volume error over a wide range of volume fraction cutoff values; and hence, can also accurately recover the number of droplets/bubbles. This can be a valuable tool for accurate calculation of drop/bubble size distributions for analysis and for Eulerian-to-Lagrangian conversion of the dispersed phase in multi-scale modeling approaches.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2023

Neural network models for preferential concentration of particles in two-dimensional turbulence

Cluster and void formations are key processes in the dynamics of particle-laden turbulence. In this work, we assess the performance of various neural network models for synthesizing preferential concentration fields of particles in turbulence. A database of direct numerical simulations of homogeneous isotropic two-dimensional turbulence with one-way coupled inertial point particles, is used to train the models using vorticity as the input to predict the particle number density fields. We compare autoencoder, U--Net, generative adversarial network (GAN), and diffusion model approaches, and assess the statistical properties of the generated particle number density fields. We find that the GANs are superior in predicting clusters and voids, and therefore result in the best performance. Additionally, we explore a concept of ``supersampling", where neural networks can be used to predict full particle data using only the information of few particles, which yields promising perspectives for reducing the computational cost of expensive DNS computations by avoiding the tracking of millions of particles. We also explore the inverse problem of synthesizing the enstrophy fields using the particle number density distribution as the input at different Stokes numbers. Hence, our study also indicates the potential use of neural networks to predict turbulent flow statistics using experimental measurements of inertial particles.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

A model for transport of interface-confined scalars and insoluble surfactants in two-phase flows

In this work, we propose a novel scalar-transport model for the simulation of scalar quantities that are confined to the interface in two-phase flows. In a two-phase flow, the scalar quantities, such as salts and surfactants, can reside at the interface and can modify the properties of the interface, in the time scales of interest. This confinement of the scalars leads to the formation of sharp gradients of the scalar concentration values at the interface, presenting a serious challenge for its numerical simulations. To overcome this challenge, we propose a computational model for the transport of scalars that maintains the confinement condition for these quantities. The model is discretized using a central-difference scheme, which leads to a non-dissipative implementation that is crucial for the simulation of turbulent flows. The model is used with the ACDI diffuse-interface method (Jain, J. Comput. Phys., 2022), but can also be used with other algebraic-based interface-capturing methods. Furthermore, the provable strengths of the proposed model are: (a) the model maintains the positivity property of the scalar concentration field, a physical realizability requirement for the simulation of scalars, when the proposed criterion is satisfied, (b) the proposed model is such that the transport of the scalar concentration field is consistent with the transport of the volume fraction field, which results in effective discrete confinement of the scalar at the interface; and therefore, prevents the artificial numerical diffusion of the scalar into the bulk region of the two phases. Finally, we present numerical simulations using the proposed model for both one-dimensional and multidimensional cases and assess: the accuracy and robustness of the model, the validity of the positivity property of the scalar concentration field, and the confinement of the scalar at the interface.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

A robust phase-field method for two-phase flows on unstructured grids

A phase-field method for unstructured grids that is accurate, conservative, and robust is proposed in this work. The proposed method also results in bounded transport of volume fraction, and the interface thickness adapts automatically to local grid size. In addition to this, we present a novel formulation for two-phase flows on collocated grids that is provably energy stable, which is a critical feature for robust simulations of two-phase turbulent flows. The proposed method is first evaluated on canonical test cases, including scenarios like drop advection and drop in a shear flow. The accuracy of the proposed method in the presence of grid transitions, which is important for simulations in complex geometries using unstructured grids, is also evaluated. We assess the robustness of our method by performing simulations of a drop in homogeneous isotropic turbulence at infinite Reynolds number with varying density ratios. Furthermore, as a step toward verification and validation, simulations of test cases in complex geometries and conditions, such as, a damped surface wave, infinitesimal interface distortion on a liquid jet, and the atomization of a liquid jet from the engine combustion network's Spray A nozzle are presented. These simulations illustrate the accuracy, robustness, and applicability of the proposed method in various kinds of complex two-phase flow applications of engineering interest.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

Large-eddy simulations of the NACA23012 airfoil with laser-scanned ice shapes

In this study, five ice shapes generated at NASA Glenn's Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) are simulated at multiple angles of attack (Broeren et al., J. of Aircraft, 2018). These geometries target different icing environments, both early-time and longer-duration glaze and rime ice exposure events, including a geometry that results from using a thermal ice-protection system. Using the laser-scanned geometries, detailed representations of the three-dimensional ice geometries are resolved on the grid and simulated using wall-modeled LES. Integrated loads (lift, drag, and moment coefficients) and pressure distributions are compared against experimental measurements in both clean and iced conditions for several angles of attack in both pre-and post-stall regions. The relevant comparisons to the experimental results show that qualitative and acceptable quantitative agreement with the data is observed across all geometries. Glaze ice formations exhibit larger and highly nonuniform ice features, such as `horns', in contrast to rime ice formations characterized by smaller, uniformly distributed roughness elements. In wall-modeled LES, it was observed that larger roughness scales in the glaze ice that trigger transition can be accurately resolved. Therefore, it is possible for WMLES to accurately capture the aerodynamics of glaze ice shapes without the need for additional modeling. In contrast, rime ice geometries required additional resolution to accurately represent the aerodynamic loads. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the wall-modeled LES technique in simulating the complex aerodynamic effects of iced airfoils, providing valuable insights for aircraft design in icing environments and highlighting the importance of accurately representing ice geometries and roughness scales in simulations.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

Stable, entropy-consistent, and localized artificial-diffusivity method for capturing discontinuities

In this work, a localized artificial-viscosity/diffusivity method is proposed for accurately capturing discontinuities in compressible flows. There have been numerous efforts to improve the artificial diffusivity formulation in the last two decades, through appropriate localization of the artificial bulk viscosity for capturing shocks. However, for capturing contact discontinuities, either a density or internal energy variable is used as a detector. An issue with this sensor is that it not only detects contact discontinuities, but also falsely detects the regions of shocks and vortical motions. Using this detector to add artificial mass/thermal diffusivity for capturing contact discontinuities is hence unnecessarily dissipative. To overcome this issue, we propose a sensor similar to the Ducros sensor (for shocks) to detect contact discontinuities, and further localize artificial mass/thermal diffusivity for capturing contact discontinuities. The proposed method contains coefficients that are less sensitive to the choice of the flow problem. This is achieved by improved localization of the artificial diffusivity in the present method. A discretely consistent dissipative flux formulation is presented and is coupled with a robust low-dissipative scheme, which eliminates the need for filtering the solution variables. The proposed method also does not require filtering for the discontinuity detector/sensor functions, which is typically done to smear out the artificial fluid properties and obtain stable solutions. Hence, the challenges associated with extending the filtering procedure for unstructured grids is eliminated, thereby, making the proposed method easily applicable for unstructured grids. Finally, a straightforward extension of the proposed method to two-phase flows is also presented.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

Effect of interpolation kernels and grid refinement on two way-coupled point-particle simulations

The predictive capability of two way--coupled point-particle Euler-Lagrange model in accurately capturing particle-flow interactions under grid refinement, wherein the particle size can be comparable to the grid size, is systematically evaluated. Two situations are considered, (i) uniform flow over a stationary particle, and (ii) decaying isotropic turbulence laden with Kolmogorov-scale particles. Particle-fluid interactions are modeled using only the standard drag law, typical of large density-ratio systems. A zonal, advection-diffusion-reaction (Zonal-ADR) model is used to obtain the undisturbed fluid velocity needed in the drag closure. Two main types of interpolation kernels, grid-based and particle size--based, are employed. The effect of interpolation kernels on capturing the particle-fluid interactions, kinetic energy, dissipation rate, and particle acceleration statistics are evaluated in detail. It is shown that the interpolation kernels whose width scales with the particle size perform significantly better under grid refinement than kernels whose width scales with the grid size. Convergence with respect to spatial resolution is obtained with the particle size--based kernels with and without correcting for the self-disturbance effect. While the use of particle size--based interpolation kernels provide spatial convergence and perform better than kernels that scale based on grid size, small differences can still be seen in the converged results with and without correcting for the particle self-disturbance. Such differences indicate the need for self-disturbance correction to obtain the best results, especially when the particles are larger than the grid size.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2022

Spectral analysis of multidimensional current-driven plasma instabilities and turbulence in hollow cathode plumes

Large-amplitude current-driven instabilities in hollow cathode plumes can generate energetic ions responsible for cathode sputtering and spacecraft degradation. A 2D2V (two dimensions each in configuration [D] and velocity [V] spaces) grid-based Vlasov--Poisson (direct kinetic) solver is used to study their growth and saturation, which comprises four stages: linear growth, quasilinear resonance, nonlinear fill-in, and saturated turbulence. The linear modal growth rate, nonlinear saturation process, and ion velocity and energy distribution features in the turbulent regime are analyzed. Backstreaming ions are generated for large electron drifts, several ion acoustic periods after the potential field becomes turbulent. Interscale phase-space transfer and locality are analyzed for the Vlasov equation. The multidimensional study sheds light on the interactions between longitudinal and transverse plasma instabilities, as well as the inception of plasma turbulence.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2022

Accurate conservative phase-field method for simulation of two-phase flows

In this work, we propose a novel phase-field model for the simulation of two-phase flows that is accurate, conservative, bounded, and robust. The proposed model conserves the mass of each of the phases, and results in bounded transport of the volume fraction. We present results from the canonical test cases of a drop advection and a drop in a shear flow, showing significant improvement in the accuracy over the commonly used conservative phase-field method. Moreover, the proposed model imposes a lesser restrictive Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition, and hence, is less expensive compared to other conservative phase-field models. We also propose improvements on computation of surface tension forces and show that the proposed improvement significantly reduces the magnitude of spurious velocities at the interface. We also derive a consistent and conservative momentum transport equation for the proposed phase-field model and show that the proposed model when coupled with the consistent momentum transport equation results in discrete conservation of kinetic energy, which is a sufficient condition for the numerical stability of incompressible flows, in the absence of dissipative mechanisms. To illustrate the robustness of the method in simulating high-density ratio turbulent two-phase flows, we present the numerical simulations of high-density ratio droplet-laden isotropic turbulence at finite and infinite Reynolds numbers.

physics.comp-ph↗