Heavenly Elliptic Curves over Cubic Number Fields
The study of heavenly abelian varieties is motivated by a question of Ihara. When an elliptic curve $E/K$ is heavenly at $\ell$, the extension $K(E[\ell^\infty])/K(μ_\ell^\infty)$ is pro-$\ell$ and unramified away from $\ell$. These are the same arithmetic conditions as the fixed field of the kernel attached to pro-$\ell$ étale covers of the projective line over $K$ minus three points. In this paper we study heavenly elliptic curves defined over cubic number fields. Following the work on McLeman and Rasmussen in the quadratic case, we find that there is a wider range of possible behaviors for the trace of a balanced elliptic curve in the cubic case. In this setting, we introduce a further distinction between balanced and totally balanced curves. With this, we show that trace of the representation on the $\ell$-torsion for totally balanced elliptic curves is non-surjective. We also compute a bound on primes $\ell$ after which any heavenly elliptic curve defined over a cubic number field must be balanced. Finally we compare the trace behavior of totally balanced elliptic curves with CM elliptic curves.