Geometric symmetry breaking and nonlinearity can increase thermoelectric power
Direct thermal-to-electric energy converters typically operate in the linear regime, where the ratio of actual maximum power relative to the ideal maximum power, the so-called fill factor (FF), is 0.25. By increasing the FF one can potentially increase maximum power by up to four times, but this is only possible in the nonlinear regime of transport and has previously rarely been considered. Here we show, based on fundamental symmetry considerations, that the leading order non-linear terms that can increase the FF require devices with broken spatial symmetry. To experimentally demonstrate such a system, we study nonlinear, thermoelectric transport across an asymmetric energy barrier epitaxially defined in a single semiconductor nanowire. We find in both experiment and theory that we can increase the FF above the linear-response limit of 0.25, accompanied by a drastic increase in short circuit current, open-circuit voltage and maximum power. Our results show that geometric symmetry breaking combined with the design of nonlinear behaviour represent a design strategy for increasing the performance of thermal-to-electric energy converters such as in hot-carrier photovoltaics, thermophotovoltaics or in anisotropic thermoelectric materials.