Concentration-Dependent Restructuring of Ionic Liquid Micelles Induced by an Anionic Surfactant
The self-assembling behaviour of ionic liquids in aqueous solution is important for understanding their physicochemical properties and for their industrial applications. While the influence of ionic liquids on surfactant micellization has been widely studied, much less attention has been given to how surfactants affect the aggregation of ionic liquids, particularly when the surfactant concentration is below its critical micelle concentration (CMC). In this work, we examine the effect of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), introduced at sub-CMC concentration, on the micellization of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride in aqueous solution maintained above the IL CMC, using surface tension measurements, theoretical analysis, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We find that at low SDS concentrations (approx 2 mM), SDS inserts smoothly into the pre-existing IL micelles, producing stable mixed micelles with favourable IL-SDS interactions. When the SDS concentration approaches (approx 4 mM), the micelles exhibit distinct changes in their internal dynamics, reflected in deviations in the thermodynamic parameters. Beyond this point, as more SDS is added, the system reorganizes and forms stable mixed micelles again, now containing a higher fraction of SDS but still enriched in IL. The synergistic behaviour is quantified using Clint and Rubingh's models, and simulations supports the structural transitions, showing variations in micelle size, aggregation number, and radial distribution functions. This work demonstrates that SDS acts as an effective modulator of IL aggregation, providing mechanistic insight into IL-surfactant co-assembly.