Pulsatile poromechanics in layered soft media controls fluid flow and solute transport: from fundamentals to brain clearance
Soft porous media often feature a heterogeneous structure. Notably, biological tissues - such as cartilage and the brain tissue - consist of two or more layers, with varying mechanical and fluid-flow properties. Despite the ubiquity of periodic loading in these systems, the physical implications of layering on nonlinear poromechanics and solute transport remain poorly understood. Uncovering these coupled mechanisms could clarify the fundamental physics behind pressing topics, such as brain metabolic clearance. Here, we address this gap using a bilayer model of a generic soft porous medium. To isolate the specific role of layering, we select combinations of material properties (porosity, permeability, and p-wave modulus) that maintain an identical poroelastic timescale, $T_{\mathrm{PE}}$, across four layered configurations and a reference homogeneous case. We demonstrate that while $T_\mathrm{PE}$ is the key parameter governing the response in a homogeneous medium, the same $T_\mathrm{PE}$ leads to non-trivial localization/propagation patterns for strain, fluid flow and solute transport in a bilayer medium. These non-intuitive results suggest that layered architectures may provide functional benefits for cellular homeostasis over homogeneous ones. Finally, we show that pathological alterations to the brain's layered structure significantly disrupt fluid-flow and metabolic waste clearance, offering a possible mechanical explanation for impaired transport in disease.