arXiv subjects

T. A. Oosterloo

Publications and source records attributed to T. A. Oosterloo.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2021

Apertif view of the OH Megamaser IRAS 10597+5926: OH 18 cm satellite lines in wide-area HI surveys

We present the serendipitous detection of the two main OH maser lines at 1667 and 1665 MHz associated with IRAS 10597+5926 at z = 0.19612 in the untargeted Apertif Wide-area Extragalactic Survey (AWES), and the subsequent measurement of the OH 1612 MHz satellite line in the same source. With a total OH luminosity of log(L/L_Sun) = 3.90 +/- 0.03, IRAS 10597+5926 is the fourth brightest OH megamaser (OHM) known. We measure a lower limit for the 1667/1612 ratio of R_1612 > 45.9 which is the highest limiting ratio measured for the 1612 MHz OH satellite line to date. OH satellite line measurements provide a potentially valuable constraint by which to compare detailed models of OH maser pumping mechanisms. Optical imaging shows the galaxy is likely a late-stage merger. Based on published infrared and far ultraviolet fluxes, we find that the galaxy is an ultra luminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) with log(L_TIR/L_Sun) = 12.24, undergoing a star burst with an estimated star formation rate of 179 +/- 40 M_Sun/yr. These host galaxy properties are consistent with the physical conditions responsible for very bright OHM emission. Finally, we provide an update on the predicted number of OH masers that may be found in AWES, and estimate the total number of OH masers that will be detected in each of the individual main and satellite OH 18 cm lines.

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arXiv2020

MIGHTEE-HI: The HI emission project of the MeerKAT MIGHTEE survey

We present the HI emission project within the MIGHTEE survey, currently being carried out with the newly commissioned MeerKAT radio telescope. This is one of the first deep, blind, medium-wide interferometric surveys for neutral hydrogen (HI) ever undertaken, extending our knowledge of HI emission to z=0.6. The science goals of this medium-deep, medium-wide survey are extensive, including the evolution of the neutral gas content of galaxies over the past 5 billion years. Simulations predict nearly 3000 galaxies over 0<z<0.4 will be detected directly in HI, with statistical detections extending to z=0.6. The survey allows us to explore HI as a function of galaxy environment, with massive groups and galaxy clusters within the survey volume. Additionally, the area is large enough to contain as many as 50 local galaxies with HI mass $<10^8$ Msun, which allows us to study the low-mass galaxy population. The 20 deg$^2$ main survey area is centred on fields with exceptional multi-wavelength ancillary data, with photometry ranging from optical through far-infrared wavelengths, supplemented with multiple spectroscopic campaigns. We describe here the survey design and the key science goals. We also show first results from the Early Science observations, including kinematic modelling of individual sources, along with the redshift, HI, and stellar mass ranges of the sample to date.

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arXiv2020

The best of both worlds: Combining LOFAR and Apertif to derive resolved radio spectral index images

Supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies can cycle through periods of activity and quiescence. Characterising the duty cycle of active galactic nuclei is crucial for understanding the impact of the energy they release on the host galaxy. For radio AGN, this can be done by identifying dying (remnant) and restarted radio galaxies from their radio spectral properties. Using the combination of images at 1400 MHz produced by Apertif, the new phased-array feed receiver installed on the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, and images at 150 MHz provided by LOFAR, we have derived resolved spectral index images (at a resolution of ~15 arcsec) for all the sources within ~6 deg^2 area of the Lockman Hole region. We were able to select 15 extended radio sources with emission (partly or entirely) characterised by extremely steep spectral indices (steeper than 1.2). These objects represent radio sources in the remnant or the restarted phases of their life cycle. Our findings suggest this cycle to be relatively fast. They also show a variety of properties relevant for modelling the evolution of radio galaxies. For example, the restarted activity can occur while the remnant structure from a previous phase of activity is still visible. This provides constraints on the duration of the 'off' (dying) phase. In extended remnants with ultra-steep spectra at low frequencies, the activity likely stopped a few hundred megayears ago, and they correspond to the older tail of the age distribution of radio galaxies, in agreement with simulations of radio source evolution. We find remnant radio sources with a variety of structures (from double-lobed to amorphous), suggesting different types of progenitors. The present work sets the stage for exploiting low-frequency spectral index studies of extended sources by taking advantage of the large areas common to the LOFAR and the Apertif surveys.

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arXiv2020

A bright, high rotation-measure FRB that skewers the M33 halo

We report the detection of a bright fast radio burst, FRB\,191108, with Apertif on the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). The interferometer allows us to localise the FRB to a narrow $5\arcsec\times7\arcmin$ ellipse by employing both multibeam information within the Apertif phased-array feed (PAF) beam pattern, and across different tied-array beams. The resulting sight line passes close to Local Group galaxy M33, with an impact parameter of only 18\,kpc with respect to the core. It also traverses the much larger circumgalactic medium of M31, the Andromeda Galaxy. We find that the shared plasma of the Local Group galaxies could contribute $\sim$10\% of its dispersion measure of 588\,pc\,cm$^{-3}$. FRB\,191108 has a Faraday rotation measure of +474\,$\pm\,3$\,rad\,m$^{-2}$, which is too large to be explained by either the Milky Way or the intergalactic medium. Based on the more moderate RMs of other extragalactic sources that traverse the halo of M33, we conclude that the dense magnetised plasma resides in the host galaxy. The FRB exhibits frequency structure on two scales, one that is consistent with quenched Galactic scintillation and broader spectral structure with $Δν\approx40$\,MHz. If the latter is due to scattering in the shared M33/M31 CGM, our results constrain the Local Group plasma environment. We found no accompanying persistent radio sources in the Apertif imaging survey data.

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arXiv2020

MeerKAT HI commissioning observations of MHONGOOSE galaxy ESO 302-G014

We present the results of three commissioning HI observations obtained with the MeerKAT radio telescope. These observations make up part of the preparation for the forthcoming MHONGOOSE nearby galaxy survey, which is a MeerKAT large survey project that will study the accretion of gas in galaxies and the link between gas and star formation. We used the available HI data sets, along with ancillary data at other wavelengths, to study the morphology of the MHONGOOSE sample galaxy, ESO 302-G014, which is a nearby gas-rich dwarf galaxy. We find that ESO 302-G014 has a lopsided, asymmetric outer disc with a low column density. In addition, we find a tail or filament of HI clouds extending away from the galaxy, as well as an isolated HI cloud some 20 kpc to the south of the galaxy. We suggest that these features indicate a minor interaction with a low-mass galaxy. Optical imaging shows a possible dwarf galaxy near the tail, but based on the current data, we cannot confirm any association with ESO 302-G014. Nonetheless, an interaction scenario with some kind of low-mass companion is still supported by the presence of a significant amount of molecular gas, which is almost equal to the stellar mass, and a number of prominent stellar clusters, which suggest recently triggered star formation. These data show that MeerKAT produces exquisite imaging data. The forthcoming full-depth survey observations of ESO 302-G014 and other sample galaxies will, therefore, offer insights into the fate of neutral gas as it moves from the intergalactic medium onto galaxies.

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arXiv2020

Extreme intra-hour variability of the radio source J1402+5347 discovered with Apertif

The propagation of radio waves from distant compact radio sources through turbulent interstellar plasma in our Galaxy causes these sources to twinkle, a phenomenon called interstellar scintillation. Such scintillations are a unique probe of the micro-arcsecond structure of radio sources as well as of the sub-AU-scale structure of the Galactic interstellar medium. Weak scintillations (i.e. an intensity modulation of a few percent) on timescales of a few days or longer are commonly seen at centimetre wavelengths and are thought to result from the line-of-sight integrated turbulence in the interstellar plasma of the Milky Way. So far, only three sources were known that show more extreme variations, with modulations at the level of some dozen percent on timescales shorter than an hour. This requires propagation through nearby (d <~10 pc) anomalously dense (n_e ~10^2 cm^-3) plasma clouds. Here we report the discovery with Apertif of a source (J1402+5347) showing extreme (~50%) and rapid variations on a timescale of just 6.5 minutes in the decimetre band (1.4 GHz). The spatial scintillation pattern is highly anisotropic, with a semi-minor axis of about 20,000 km. The canonical theory of refractive scintillation constrains the scattering plasma to be within the Oort cloud. The sightline to J1402+5347, however, passes unusually close to the B3 star Alkaid (eta UMa) at a distance of 32 pc. If the scintillations are associated with Alkaid, then the angular size of J1402+5347 along the minor axis of the scintels must be smaller than ~10 micro arcsec yielding an apparent brightness temperature for an isotropic source of >~ 10^ 14K. }

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arXiv2020

WALLABY -- An SKA Pathfinder HI Survey

The Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind surveY (WALLABY) is a next-generation survey of neutral hydrogen (HI) in the Local Universe. It uses the widefield, high-resolution capability of the Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), a radio interferometer consisting of 36 x 12-m dishes equipped with Phased-Array Feeds (PAFs), located in an extremely radio-quiet zone in Western Australia. WALLABY aims to survey three-quarters of the sky (-90 degr < Dec < +30 degr) to a redshift of z < 0.26, and generate spectral line image cubes at ~30 arcsec resolution and ~1.6 mJy/beam per 4 km/s channel sensitivity. ASKAP's instantaneous field of view at 1.4 GHz, delivered by the PAF's 36 beams, is about 30 sq deg. At an integrated signal-to-noise ratio of five, WALLABY is expected to detect over half a million galaxies with a mean redshift of z ~ 0.05 (~200 Mpc). The scientific goals of WALLABY include: (a) a census of gas-rich galaxies in the vicinity of the Local Group; (b) a study of the HI properties of galaxies, groups and clusters, in particular the influence of the environment on galaxy evolution; and (c) the refinement of cosmological parameters using the spatial and redshift distribution of low-bias gas-rich galaxies. For context we provide an overview of previous large-scale HI surveys. Combined with existing and new multi-wavelength sky surveys, WALLABY will enable an exciting new generation of panchromatic studies of the Local Universe. - First results from the WALLABY pilot survey are revealed, with initial data products publicly available in the CSIRO ASKAP Science Data Archive (CASDA).

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arXiv2020

Repeating fast radio bursts with WSRT/Apertif

Repeating fast radio bursts (FRBs) present excellent opportunities to identify FRB progenitors and host environments, as well as decipher the underlying emission mechanism. Detailed studies of repeating FRBs might also hold clues to the origin of FRBs as a population. We aim to detect the first two repeating FRBs: FRB 121102 (R1) and FRB 180814.J0422+73 (R2), and characterise their repeat statistics. We also want to significantly improve the sky localisation of R2. We use the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope to conduct extensive follow-up of these two repeating FRBs. The new phased-array feed system, Apertif, allows covering the entire sky position uncertainty of R2 with fine spatial resolution in one pointing. We characterise the energy distribution and the clustering of detected R1 bursts. We detected 30 bursts from R1. Our measurements indicate a dispersion measure of 563.5(2) pc cm$^{-3}$, suggesting a significant increase in DM over the past few years. We place an upper limit of 8% on the linear polarisation fraction of the brightest burst. We did not detect any bursts from R2. A single power-law might not fit the R1 burst energy distribution across the full energy range or widely separated detections. Our observations provide improved constraints on the clustering of R1 bursts. Our stringent upper limits on the linear polarisation fraction imply a significant depolarisation, either intrinsic to the emission mechanism or caused by the intervening medium, at 1400 MHz that is not observed at higher frequencies. The non-detection of any bursts from R2 implies either a highly clustered nature of the bursts, a steep spectral index, or a combination of both. Alternatively, R2 has turned off completely, either permanently or for an extended period of time.

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arXiv2018

Probing multi-phase outflows and AGN feedback in compact radio galaxies: the case of PKSB 1934-63

Young radio AGN are pivotal for our understanding of many of the still-debated aspects of AGN feedback. In this paper we present a study of the interstellar medium in the compact, peaked-spectrum radio galaxy PKSB1934-63 using X-shooter observations. Most of the warm ionized gas resides within a circum-nuclear disk with a radius of about 200pc that is likely to constitute the gas reservoir from which the central black hole feeds. On the other hand, we find a biconical outflow of warm ionized gas with an estimated radius of 59+/-12pc. This matches the radial extent of the radio source and suggests that the outflow is jet driven. Thanks to the superior wavelength coverage of the data, we can estimate the density of the warm ionized gas using the trans-auroral line technique, and we find that the outflowing gas has remarkably high density, up to n_e~10^5.5cm^-3 . The estimated mass outflow rate is low (M_dot=10^-3 - 10^-1 M_solar/yr) and the AGN feedback operates at relatively low efficiency (E_dot/L_bol~10^-4 - 10^-3 %), in contrast to predictions of theoretical models. In addition, optical and near-IR line ratios show that the expansion of the radio source drives fast shocks (with velocities v>500km/s) that ionize and accelerate the outflowing gas. At odds with the properties of other compact, peaked-spectrum radio sources hosting warm ionized gas outflows, we do not find signs of kinematically disturbed or outflowing gas in phases colder than the warm ionized gas. We argue that this is due to the young age of our source and thus to the recent nature of the AGN-ISM interaction, and suggest that cold gas forms within the outflowing material and the shock-ionized outflowing gas of PKSB1934-63 did not have enough time to cool down, and accumulate in a colder phase. This scenario is also supported by the multi-phase outflows of other compact and young radio sources in the literature.

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arXiv2018

Galaxy interactions in loose galaxy groups: KAT-7 and VLA HI Observations of the IC 1459 group

We report on the results from deep HI observations, performed with the Karoo Array Telescope and with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array of the loose galaxy group centred on the early-type galaxy IC 1459. The main result from our observations is the detection of a nearly continuous, 500-kpc long HI tail which crosses the entire group. Earlier observations with the Australia Telescope Compact Array had shown the presence of a large HI tail in this galaxy group, but because of the much larger coverage of the new data, the full extent of this tail is now visible. The HI mass of this structure is 3.1 +- 0.3 10^9 Msun . Based on its morphology and kinematics, we conclude that the tail consists of gas stripped from NGC 7418 through tidal interactions, with ram-pressure affects playing at most a minor role. Optical images of the IC 1459 group do not show many indications that galaxy interactions are common in this group. The HI data reveal a very different picture and show that almost all gas-rich galaxies in the IC 1459 group have a distorted HI distribution indicating that many interactions are occurring in this group. This high number of interactions shows that the processes that drive galaxy transformation are also occurring in fairly loose galaxy groups.

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arXiv2018

ALMA observations of AGN fuelling: the case of PKS B1718-649

We present ALMA observations of the $^{12}$CO (2--1) line of the newly born ($t_\mathrm{radio}\sim10^2$ years) active galactic nucleus (AGN), PKS B1718-649. These observations reveal that the carbon monoxide in the innermost 15 kpc of the galaxy is distributed in a complex warped disk. In the outer parts of this disk, the CO gas follows the rotation of the dust lane and of the stellar body of the galaxy hosting the radio source. In the innermost kiloparsec, the gas abruptly changes orientation and forms a circumnuclear disk ($r\lesssim700$ pc) with its major axis perpendicular to that of the outer disk. Against the compact radio emission of PKS B1718-649 ($r\sim 2$ pc), we detect an absorption line at red-shifted velocities with respect to the systemic velocity ($Δv = +365\pm22$\kms). This absorbing CO gas could trace molecular clouds falling onto the central super-massive black hole. A comparison with the near-infra red H$_{\,2}$ 1-0 S(1) observations shows that the clouds must be close to the black hole ($r\lesssim 75$ pc). The physical conditions of these clouds are different from the gas at larger radii, and are in good agreement with the predictions for the conditions of the gas when cold chaotic accretion triggers an active galactic nucleus. These observations on the centre of PKS B1718-649 provide one of the best indications that a population of cold clouds is falling towards a radio AGN, likely fuelling its activity.

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arXiv2017

An Overview of the MHONGOOSE Survey: Observing Nearby Galaxies with MeerKAT

MHONGOOSE is a deep survey of the neutral hydrogen distribution in a representative sample of 30 nearby disk and dwarf galaxies with HI masses from 10^6 to ~10^{11} M_sun, and luminosities from M_R ~ -12 to M_R ~ -22. The sample is selected to uniformly cover the available range in log(M_HI). Our extremely deep observations, down to HI column density limits of well below 10^{18} cm^{-2} - or a few hundred times fainter than the typical HI disks in galaxies - will directly detect the effects of cold accretion from the intergalactic medium and the links with the cosmic web. These observations will be the first ever to probe the very low-column density neutral gas in galaxies at these high resolutions. Combination with data at other wavelengths, most of it already available, will enable accurate modelling of the properties and evolution of the mass components in these galaxies and link these with the effects of environment, dark matter distribution, and other fundamental properties such as halo mass and angular momentum. MHONGOOSE can already start addressing some of the SKA-1 science goals and will provide a comprehensive inventory of the processes driving the transformation and evolution of galaxies in the nearby universe at high resolution and over 5 orders of magnitude in column density. It will be a Nearby Galaxies Legacy Survey that will be unsurpassed until the advent of the SKA, and can serve as a highly visible, lasting statement of MeerKAT's capabilities.

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arXiv2017

The MeerKAT Fornax Survey

We present the science case and observations plan of the MeerKAT Fornax Survey, an HI and radio continuum survey of the Fornax galaxy cluster to be carried out with the SKA precursor MeerKAT. Fornax is the second most massive cluster within 20 Mpc and the largest nearby cluster in the southern hemisphere. Its low X-ray luminosity makes it representative of the environment where most galaxies live and where substantial galaxy evolution takes place. Fornax's ongoing growth makes it an excellent laboratory for studying the assembly of clusters, the physics of gas accretion and stripping in galaxies falling in the cluster, and the connection between these processes and the neutral medium in the cosmic web. We will observe a region of 12 deg$^2$ reaching a projected distance of 1.5 Mpc from the cluster centre. This will cover a wide range of environment density out to the outskirts of the cluster, where gas-rich in-falling groups are found. We will: study the HI morphology of resolved galaxies down to a column density of a few times 1e+19 cm$^{-2}$ at a resolution of 1 kpc; measure the slope of the HI mass function down to M(HI) 5e+5 M(sun); and attempt to detect HI in the cosmic web reaching a column density of 1e+18 cm$^{-2}$ at a resolution of 10 kpc.

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arXiv2016

Embedded star formation in the extended narrow line region of Centaurus A: extreme mixing observed by MUSE

We present a detailed study of the complex ionization structure in a small (~250 pc) extended narrow line region (ENLR) cloud near Centaurus A using the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer. This cloud is located in the so-called outer filament of ionized gas (about 15 kpc from the nucleus) where jet-induced star formation has been suggested to occur by different studies. We find that, despite the small size, a mixture of ionization mechanisms is operating, resulting in considerable complexity in the spatial ionization structure. The area includes two H II regions where star formation is occurring and another location where star formation must have ceased very recently. Interestingly, the extreme Balmer decrement of one of the star forming regions (H_alpha/H_beta~6) indicates that it is still heavily embedded in its natal cocoon of gas and dust. At all three locations a continuum counterpart is found with spectra matching those of O/B stars local to Centaurus A. The H II regions are embedded in a larger gas complex which is photoionized by the radiation of the central active galactic nucleus (AGN), but the O/B stars affect the spatial ionization pattern in the ENLR cloud very locally. In particular, in the surroundings of the youngest star forming region, we can isolate a tight mixing sequence in the diagnostic diagram going from gas with ionization due to a pure stellar continuum to gas only photoionized by the AGN. These results emphasize the complexity and the mixture of processes occurring in star forming regions under the influence of an AGN radiation. This is relevant for our understanding of AGN-induced star formation suggested to occur in a number of objects, including this region of Centaurus A. They also illustrate that these young stars influence the gas over only a limited region.

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arXiv2016

The warm molecular hydrogen of PKS B1718-649: feeding a newly born radio AGN

We present new SINFONI VLT observations of molecular hydrogen (H2) in the central regions (< 2.5 kpc) of the youngest and closest radio source PKS B1718-649. We study the distribution of the H2 traced by the 1-0 S(1) ro-vibrational line, revealing a double disk structure with the kinematics of both disks characterised by rotation. An outer disk (r > 650 pc) is aligned with other components of the galaxy (atomic hydrogen, stars, dust), while the inner disk (r< 600 pc) is perpendicular to it and is polar with respect to the stellar distribution. However, in the innermost 75 pc, the data show the presence of H2 gas redshifted with respect to the rotating inner disk ($Δv\,$+150 km/s) which may trace gas falling into the super-massive black hole associated with the central radio source. Along the same line of sight, earlier observations had shown the presence in the central regions of PKS B1718-649 of clouds of atomic hydrogen with similar unsettled kinematics. The range of velocities and mass of these unsettled clouds of HI and H2 suggest they may be actively contributing in fuelling the central newly-born radio source.

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arXiv2016

HI Observations of two New Dwarf Galaxies: Pisces A & B with the SKA Pathfinder KAT-7

Context. Pisces A & Pisces B are the only two galaxies found via optical imaging and spectroscopy out of 22 HI clouds identified in the GALFAHI survey as dwarf galaxy candidates. Aims. Derive the HI content and kinematics of Pisces A & B. Methods. Aperture synthesis HI observations using the seven dish Karoo Array Telescope (KAT-7), which is a pathfinder instrument for MeerKAT, the South African precursor to the mid-frequency Square Kilometre Array (SKA-MID). Results. The small rotation velocities detected of ~5 km/sec and ~10 km/sec in Pisces A & B respectively, and their HI content show that they are really dwarf irregular galaxies (dIrr). Despite that small rotation component, it is more the random motions ~9-11 km/sec that provide most of the gravitational support, especially in the outer parts. The study of their kinematics, especially the strong gradients of random motions, suggest that those two dwarf galaxies are not yet in equilibrium. Conclusions. These HI rich galaxies may be indicative of a large population of dwarfs at the limit of detectability. However, such gas-rich dwarf galaxies will most likely never be within the virial radius of MW-type galaxies and become sub-halo candidates. Systems such as Pisces A & B are more likely to be found at a few Mpc.s from MW-type galaxies.

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arXiv2015

PKS B1718-649: an HI and H2 perspective on the birth of a compact radio source

We present neutral hydrogen (HI) and warm molecular hydrogen (H2) observations of the young (10^2 years) radio galaxy PKS B1718-649. We study the morphology and the kinematics of both gas components, focusing, in particular, on their properties in relation to the triggering of the radio activity. The regular kinematics of the large scale HI disk, seen in emission, suggests that an interaction event occurred too long ago to be responsible for the recent triggering of the radio activity. In absorption, we detect two absorption lines along the narrow line of sight of the compact (r<2 pc) radio source. The lines trace two clouds with opposite radial motions. These may represent a population of clouds in the very inner regions of the galaxy, which may be involved in triggering the radio activity. The warm molecular hydrogen (H2 1-0 S(1) ro-vibrational line) in the innermost kilo-parsec of the galaxy appears to be distributed in a circum-nuclear disk following the regular kinematics of the HI and of the stellar component. An exception to this behaviour arises only in the very centre, where a highly dispersed component is detected. These particular HI and H2 features suggest that a strong interplay between the radio source and the surrounding ISM is on-going. The physical properties of the cold gas in the proximity of the radio source may regulate the accretion recently triggered in this AGN.

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arXiv2015

The "shook up" galaxy NGC 3079: the complex interplay between HI, activity and environment

We present deep neutral hydrogen (HI) observations of the starburst/Seyfert galaxy NGC 3079 and its environment, obtained with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope. Our observations reveal previously unknown components, both in HI emission and in absorption, that show that NGC 3079 is going through a hectic phase in its evolution. The HI disk appears much more extended than previously observed and is morphologically and kinematically lopsided on all scales with evidence for strong non-circular motions in the central regions. Our data reveal prominent gas streams encircling the entire galaxy suggesting strong interaction with its neighbours. A 33-kpc long HI bridge is detected between NGC 3079 and MCG 9-17-9, likely caused by ram-pressure stripping of MGC 9-17-9 by the halo of hot gas of NGC 3079. The cometary HI tail of the companion NGC 3073, earlier discovered by Irwin et al., extends about twice as long in our data, while a shorter, second tail is also found. This tail is likely caused by ram-pressure stripping by the strong, starburst driven wind coming from NGC 3079. We also detect, in absorption, a nuclear HI outflow extending to velocities well outside what expected for gravitational motion. This is likely an atomic counterpart of the well-studied outflow of ionised gas present in this galaxy. This may indicate that also large amounts of cold gas are blown out of NGC 3079 by the starburst/AGN. Our estimates of the jet energy and kinetic power suggest that both the AGN and the starburst in NGC 3079 are powerful enough to drive the atomic outflow.

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