Modifications of the Meissner screening profile in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-δ}$ thin films by gold nanoparticles
Adding Au nanoparticles to YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-δ}$ thin films leads to an increase of the superconducting transition temperature $T_{\rm c}$ and the critical current density $j_{\rm c}$. While the higher $j_{\rm c}$ can be understood in terms of a stronger pinning of the flux vortices at the Au nanoparticles, the enhanced $T_{\rm c}$ is still puzzling. In the present study, we determined the microscopic magnetic penetration profiles and the corresponding London penetration depths $λ_{\rm L}$ in the Meissner state of optimally doped YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-δ}$ thin films with and without Au nanoparticles by low-energy muon spin rotation. By Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, we show that the Au nanoparitcles are distributed over the whole thickness of the thin-film samples. The superfluid density $n_{\rm s} \propto 1/λ_{\rm L}^2$ was found to increase in the films containing Au nanoparticles. We attribute this increase of $n_{\rm s}$ to a reduction of the defect density possibly due to defect condensation at the Au nanoparticles.