arXiv subjects

T. Rawle

Publications and source records attributed to T. Rawle.

13 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

JADES Data Release 4 -- Paper II: Data reduction, analysis and emission-line fluxes of the complete spectroscopic sample

We present the fourth data release of JADES, the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey, providing deep spectroscopic observations in the two GOODS fields. A companion paper presents the target selection, spectroscopic redshifts and success rates, and in this paper, we discuss the data reduction and present emission line flux measurements. The spectroscopy in this work consists of medium-depth, deep and ultradeep NIRSpec/MSA spectra of 5,190 targets, covering the spectral range $0.6\text{--}5.5$~\mum and observed with both the low-dispersion prism ($R=30\text{--}300$) and all three medium-resolution gratings ($R=500\text{--}1,500$). We describe the data reduction, analysis and description of the data products included in this data release. In total, we measured 3,297 robust redshifts out of 5,190 targets, spanning a redshift range from $z=0.5$ up to $z=14.2$, including 974 at $z>4$. This data release includes 1-d and 2-d fully reduced spectra with 3 and 5 pixel extractions, with slit-loss corrections and background subtraction optimized for point sources. Furthermore, we provide redshifts and $S/N>5$ emission-line flux catalogues for the prism and grating spectra, as well as new guidelines to use these data products. Lastly, we are launching a new JADES Online Database, designed to enable quick selection and browsing of this data release. Altogether, these data provide the largest statistical sample to date to characterise the properties of galaxy populations across Cosmic time.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2023

In-orbit Performance of the Near-Infrared Spectrograph NIRSpec on the James Webb Space Telescope

The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) is one of the four focal plane instruments on the James Webb Space Telescope. In this paper, we summarize the in-orbit performance of NIRSpec, as derived from data collected during its commissioning campaign and the first few months of nominal science operations. More specifically, we discuss the performance of some critical hardware components such as the two NIRSpec Hawaii-2RG (H2RG) detectors, wheel mechanisms, and the micro-shutter array. We also summarize the accuracy of the two target acquisition procedures used to accurately place science targets into the slit apertures, discuss the current status of the spectro-photometric and wavelength calibration of NIRSpec spectra, and provide the as measured sensitivity in all NIRSpec science modes. Finally, we point out a few important considerations for the preparation of NIRSpec science programs.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2022

Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z>10

Surveys with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have discovered candidate galaxies in the first 400 Myr of cosmic time. Preliminary indications have suggested these candidate galaxies may be more massive and abundant than previously thought. However, without confirmed distances, their inferred properties remain uncertain. Here we identify four galaxies located in the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) imaging with photometric redshifts z~10-13. These galaxies include the first redshift z>12 systems discovered with distances spectroscopically confirmed by JWST in a companion paper. Using stellar population modelling, we find the galaxies typically contain a hundred million solar masses in stars, in stellar populations that are less than one hundred million years old. The moderate star formation rates and compact sizes suggest elevated star formation rate surface densities, a key indicator of their formation pathways. Taken together, these measurements show that the first galaxies contributing to cosmic reionisation formed rapidly and with intense internal radiation fields.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

Optical throughput and sensitivity of JWST NIRSpec

To achieve its ambitious scientific goals, the Near-Infrared Spectrograph, NIRSpec, on board the Webb Space Telescope, needs to meet very demanding throughput requirements, here quantified in terms of photon-conversion efficiency (PCE). During the calibration activities performed for the instrument commissioning, we have obtained the first in-flight measurements of its PCE and also updated the modeling of the light losses occurring in the NIRSpec slit devices. The measured PCE of NIRSpec fixed-slit and multi-object spectroscopy modes overall meets or exceeds the pre-launch model predictions. The results are more contrasted for the integral-field spectroscopy mode, where the differences with the model can reach -20%, above 4 micron, and exceed +30%, below 2 micron. Additionally, thanks to the high quality of the JWST point-spread function, our slit-losses, at the shorter wavelength, are significantly decreased with respect to the pre-flight modeling. These results, combined with the confirmed low noise performance of the detectors, make of NIRSpec an exceptionally sensitive spectrograph.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2022

The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope III. Integral-field spectroscopy

The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) offers the first opportunity to use integral-field spectroscopy from space at near-infrared wavelengths. More specifically, NIRSpec's integral-field unit can obtain spectra covering the wavelength range $0.6 - 5.3~\mu$m for a contiguous 3.1 arcsec $\times$ 3.2 arcsec sky area at spectral resolutions of $R \approx 100$, 1000, and 2700. In this paper we describe the optical and mechanical design of the NIRSpec integral-field spectroscopy mode, together with its expected performance. We also discuss a few recommended observing strategies, some of which are driven by the fact that NIRSpec is a multipurpose instrument with a number of different observing modes, which are discussed in companion papers. We briefly discuss the data processing steps required to produce wavelength- and flux-calibrated data cubes that contain the spatial and spectral information. Lastly, we mention a few scientific topics that are bound to benefit from this highly innovative capability offered by JWST/NIRSpec.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2022

The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope IV. Capabilities and predicted performance for exoplanet characterization

The Near-Inrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a very versatile instrument, offering multiobject and integral field spectroscopy with varying spectral resolution ($\sim$30 to $\sim$3000) over a wide wavelength range from 0.6 to 5.3 micron, enabling scientists to study many science themes ranging from the first galaxies to bodies in our own Solar System. In addition to its integral field unit and support for multiobject spectroscopy, NIRSpec features several fixed slits and a wide aperture specifically designed to enable high precision time-series and transit as well as eclipse observations of exoplanets. In this paper we present its capabilities regarding time-series observations, in general, and transit and eclipse spectroscopy of exoplanets in particular. Due to JWST's large collecting area and NIRSpec's excellent throughput, spectral coverage, and detector performance, this mode will allow scientists to characterize the atmosphere of exoplanets with unprecedented sensitivity.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2022

The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope I. Overview of the instrument and its capabilities

We provide an overview of the design and capabilities of the near-infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) onboard the James Webb Space Telescope. NIRSpec is designed to be capable of carrying out low-resolution ($R\!=30\!-330$) prism spectroscopy over the wavelength range $0.6-5.3\!~\mu$m and higher resolution ($R\!=500\!-1340$ or $R\!=1320\!-3600$) grating spectroscopy over $0.7-5.2\!~\mu$m, both in single-object mode employing any one of five fixed slits, or a 3.1$\times$3.2 arcsec$^2$ integral field unit, or in multiobject mode employing a novel programmable micro-shutter device covering a 3.6$\times$3.4~arcmin$^2$ field of view. The all-reflective optical chain of NIRSpec and the performance of its different components are described, and some of the trade-offs made in designing the instrument are touched upon. The faint-end spectrophotometric sensitivity expected of NIRSpec, as well as its dependency on the energetic particle environment that its two detector arrays are likely to be subjected to in orbit are also discussed.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2022

The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope II. Multi-object spectroscopy (MOS)

We provide an overview of the capabilities and performance of the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) when used in its multi-object spectroscopy (MOS) mode employing a novel Micro Shutter Array (MSA) slit device. The MSA consists of four separate 98 arcsec $\times$ 91 arcsec quadrants each containing $365\times171$ individually addressable shutters whose open areas on the sky measure 0.20 arcsec $\times$ 0.46 arcsec on a 0.27 arcsec $\times$ 0.53 arcsec pitch. This is the first time that a configurable multi-object spectrograph has been available on a space mission. The levels of multiplexing achievable with NIRSpec MOS mode are quantified and we show that NIRSpec will be able to observe typically fifty to two hundred objects simultaneously with the pattern of close to a quarter of a million shutters provided by the MSA. This pattern is fixed and regular, and we identify the specific constraints that it yields for NIRSpec observation planning. We also present the data processing and calibration steps planned for the NIRSpec MOS data. The significant variation in size of the mostly diffraction-limited instrument point spread function over the large wavelength range of 0.6-5.3 $\mu$m covered by the instrument, combined with the fact that most targets observed with the MSA cannot be expected to be perfectly centred within their respective slits, makes the spectrophotometric and wavelength calibration of the obtained spectra particularly complex. These challenges notwithstanding, the sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities anticipated of NIRSpec in MOS mode are unprecedented, and should enable significant progress to be made in addressing a wide range of outstanding astrophysical problems.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2020

Molecular gas and star formation activity in LIRGs in clusters at intermediate redshifts

We investigate the role of dense Mpc-scale environments in processing molecular gas of cluster galaxies as they fall into the cluster cores. We consider $\sim20$ luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) in intermediate-$z$ clusters, from the Hershel Lensing Survey and the Local Cluster Substructure Survey. They include MACS J0717.5+3745 at $z=0.546$ and Abell 697, 963, 1763, and 2219 at $z=0.2-0.3$. We have performed far infrared to ultraviolet spectral energy distribution modeling of the LIRGs, which span cluster-centric distances within $r/r_{200}\simeq0.2-1.6$. We have observed the LIRGs in CO(1$\rightarrow$0) or CO(2$\rightarrow$1) with the Plateau de Bure interferometer and its successor NOEMA, as part of five observational programs carried out between 2012 and 2017. We have compared the molecular gas to stellar mass ratio $M(H_2)/M_\star$, star formation rate (SFR), and depletion time ($τ_{\rm dep}$) of the LIRGs with those of a compilation of cluster and field star forming galaxies. The targeted LIRGs have SFR, $M(H_2)/M_\star$, and $τ_{\rm dep}$ that are consistent with those of both main sequence (MS) field galaxies and star forming galaxies from the comparison sample. However we find that the depletion time, normalized to the MS value, increases with increasing $r/r_{200}$, with a significance of $2.8σ$, which is ultimately due to a deficit of cluster core LIRGs with $τ_{\rm dep}\gtrsimτ_{\rm dep,MS}$. We suggest that a rapid exhaustion of the molecular gas reservoirs occurs in the cluster LIRGs and is effective in suppressing their star formation. This mechanism may explain the exponential decrease of the fraction of cluster LIRGs with cosmic time. The compression of the gas in LIRGs, possibly induced by intra-cluster medium shocks, may be responsible for the short depletion timescales, observed in a large fraction of cluster core LIRGs.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2019

The impact of cosmic rays on the sensitivity of JWST/NIRSpec

The focal plane of the NIRSpec instrument on board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is equipped with two Teledyne H2RG near-IR detectors, state-of-the-art HgCdTe sensors with excellent noise performance. Once JWST is in space, however, the noise level in NIRSpec exposures will be affected by the cosmic ray (CR) fluence at the JWST orbit and our ability to detect CR hits and to mitigate their effect. We have simulated the effect of CRs on NIRSpec detectors by injecting realistic CR events onto dark exposures that were recently acquired during the JWST cryo-vacuum test campaign undertaken at Johnson Space Flight Center. Here we present the method we have implemented to detect the hits in the exposure integration cubes, to reject the affected data points within our ramp-to-slope processing pipeline (the prototype of the NIRSpec official pipeline), and assess the performance of this method for different choices of the algorithm parameters. Using the optimal parameter set to reject CR hits from the data, we estimate that, for an exposure length of 1,000 s, the presence of CRs in space will lead to an increase of typically ~7% in the detector noise level with respect to the on-ground performance, and the corresponding decrease in the limiting sensitivity of the instrument, for the medium and high-spectral resolution modes.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2013

Star formation histories, extinction, and dust properties of strongly lensed z~1.5-3 star-forming galaxies from the Herschel Lensing Survey

Multi-wavelength, optical to IR/sub-mm observations of 5 strongly lensed galaxies identified by the Herschel Lensing Survey, plus two well-studied lensed galaxies, MS1512-cB58 and the Cosmic Eye, for which we also provide updated Herschel measurements, are used to determine the physical properties of z~1.5-3 star-forming galaxies close to or below the detection limits of blank fields. We constrain their stellar and dust content, determine star formation rates and histories, dust attenuation and extinction laws, and other related properties. We perform SED-fits of the full photometry of each object as well for the optical and infrared parts separately, exploring various parameters, including nebular emission. The IR observations and emission line measurements, where available, are used a posteriori constraints on the models. Besides the various stellar population models we explore, we use the observed IR/UV ratio to estimate the extinction and create "energy conserving models", that constrain most accurately the physical properties of our sources. Our sample has a median lensing-corrected IR luminosity ~ 3e11 Lsun, stellar masses between 2e9 and 2e11 Msun, and IR/UV luminosity ratios spanning a wide range. The dust masses of our galaxies are in the range 2 to 17e7 Msun, extending previous studies at the same redshift down to lower masses. We do not find any particular trend of the dust temperature Tdust with IR luminosity, suggesting an overall warmer dust regime at our redshift regardless of luminosity. Lensing enables us to study the detailed physical properties of individual IR-detected z~1.5-3 galaxies up to a factor ~10 fainter than achieved with deep blank field observations. We demonstrate that multi-wavelength observations combining stellar and dust emission can constrain star formation histories and extinction laws of star-forming galaxies.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2011

Far infrared constraints on the contamination by dust obscured galaxies of high-z dropout searches

The spectral energy distributions (SED) of dusty galaxies at intermediate redshift may look similar to very high redshift galaxies in the optical/near infrared (NIR) domain. This can lead to the contamination of high redshift galaxy searches based on broad band optical/NIR photometry by lower redshift dusty galaxies as both kind of galaxies cannot be distinguished. The contamination rate could be as high as 50%. {This work shows how the far infrared (FIR) domain can help to recognize likely low-z interlopers in an optical/NIR search for high-z galaxies.} We analyse the FIR SEDs of two galaxies proposed as very high redshift ($z>7$) dropout candidates based on deep Hawk-I/VLT observations. The FIR SEDs are sampled with PACS/Herschel at 100 and 160\,$μ$m, with SPIRE/Herschel at 250, 350 and 500\,$μ$m and with LABOCA/APEX at 870\,$μ$m. We find that redshifts $>7$ would imply extreme FIR SEDs (with dust temperatures $>100$\,K and FIR luminosities $>10^{13}$\,$L_{\odot}$). At z$\sim$2, instead, the SEDs of both sources would be compatible with that of typical ULIRGs/SMGs. Considering all the data available for these sources from visible to FIR we re-estimate the redshifts and we find $z\sim$1.6--2.5. Due to the strong spectral breaks observed in these galaxies, standard templates from the literature fail to reproduce the visible-near IR part of the SEDs even when additional extinction is included. These sources resemble strongly dust obscured galaxies selected in Spitzer observations with extreme visible-to-FIR colors, and the galaxy GN10 at $z=4$. Galaxies with similar SEDs could contaminate other high redshift surveys.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2010

LoCuSS: A Herschel view of obscured star formation in Abell 1835

We present Herschel/PACS, MMT/Hectospec and XMM-Newton observations of Abell 1835, one of the brightest X-ray clusters on the sky, and the host of a strong cool core. Even though Abell 1835 has a prototypically "relaxed" X-ray morphology and no signs of ongoing merger activity in strong- and weak-lensing mass maps, it has a complex velocity distribution, suggesting that it is still accreting significant amounts of mass in the form of smaller satellite systems. Indeed, we find strong dynamical segregation of star-forming dusty galaxies from the optically selected cluster population. Most Herschel sources are found close to the virial radius of the cluster, and almost a third appear to be embedded within a filament feeding the cluster from the SW. We find that the most luminous infrared galaxies are likely involved in galaxy-galaxy interactions that may have triggered the current phase of star formation.

astro-ph.CO↗