Testing various assumptions for radiolysis, non-diffusive chemistry, and chemical desorption in cold cores
To study interstellar gas and grain chemistry, gas-phase astrochemical models have been developed since the early 1980s and gas-grain models since the 1990s. Each published model includes various assumptions mainly for surface processes. In this paper, we compare recently added mechanisms for grain surface chemistry, namely, non-diffusive chemistry, radiolysis, and chemical desorption. Several formalisms for these processes have been added to our astrochemical model Nautilus, and we tested them, comparing the predicted gas-phase and ice abundances. Our predictions are also compared to gas and ice observed compositions. Our main findings are that radiolysis itself does not influence the results. Non-diffusive chemistry can have an impact on the gas-phase and ice species, but it depends on the adopted formalism. In particular, the one of Shingledecker & Herbst (2018) changes the main reservoirs of the species in the ices, impacting the species in the gas-phase as well. The adopted formalism for chemical desorption can produce differences in the gas-phase by up to a factor of ten. Last, our standard model, without non-diffusive chemistry and with the chemical desorption from Fredon et al. (2021), produces the best results in relation to observed gas-phase abundances, while the ice observed agreement is unchanged. The formalism for some grain surface processes are important even for gas-phase abundances. More experiments are needed to constrain their efficiency, however. For the chemical desorption, each formalism relies on an uncertain parameter, which is the fraction of the energy actually delivered to the products, that can be adjusted to reproduce the experiments.