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Takahiro Nishimichi

Publications and source records attributed to Takahiro Nishimichi.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

Redshift-space equal-time angular-averaged consistency relations of the gravitational dynamics

We present the redshift-space generalization of the equal-time angular-averaged consistency relations between $(\ell+n)$- and $n$-point polyspectra of the cosmological matter density field. Focusing on the case of $\ell=1$ large-scale mode and $n$ small-scale modes, we use an approximate symmetry of the gravitational dynamics to derive explicit expressions that hold beyond the perturbative regime, including both the large-scale Kaiser effect and the small-scale fingers-of-god effects. We explicitly check these relations, both perturbatively, for the lowest-order version that applies to the bispectrum, and nonperturbatively, for all orders but for the one-dimensional dynamics. Using a large ensemble of $N$-body simulations, we find that our squeezed bispectrum relation is valid to better than $20\%$ up to $1h$Mpc$^{-1}$, for both the monopole and quadrupole at $z=0.35$, in a $Λ$CDM cosmology. Additional simulations done for the Einstein-de Sitter background suggest that these discrepancies mainly come from the breakdown of the approximate symmetry of the gravitational dynamics. For practical applications, we introduce a simple ansatz to estimate the new derivative terms in the relation using only observables. Although the relation holds worse after using this ansatz, we can still recover it within $20\%$ up to $1h$Mpc$^{-1}$, at $z=0.35$ for the monopole. On larger scales, $k = 0.2 h\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$, it still holds within the statistical accuracy of idealized simulations of volume $\sim8h^{-3}\mathrm{Gpc}^3$ without shot-noise error.

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Modeling the anomaly of surface number densities of galaxies on the Galactic extinction map due to their FIR emission contamination

The most widely used Galactic extinction map (Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis 1998, SFD) is constructed assuming that the observed FIR fluxes entirely come from the Galactic dust. According to the earlier suggestion by Yahata et al. (2007), we consider how far-infrared (FIR) emission of galaxies affects the SFD map. We first compute the surface number density of SDSS DR7 galaxies as a function of the $r$-band extinction, $A_{r,\rm SFD}$. We confirm that the surface densities of those galaxies positively correlate with $A_{r,\rm SFD}$ for $A_{r,\rm SFD}<0.1$, as first discovered by Yahata et al. (2007) for SDSS DR4 galaxies. Next we construct an analytic model to compute the surface density of galaxies taking account of the contamination of their FIR emission. We adopt a log-normal probability distribution for the ratio of $100μ{\rm m}$ and $r$-band luminosities of each galaxy, $y \equiv (νL)_{100μ{\rm m}}/(νL)_r$. Then we search for the mean and r.m.s values of $y$ that fit the observed anomaly using the analytic model. The required values to reproduce the anomaly are roughly consistent with those measured from the stacking analysis of SDSS galaxies (Kashiwagi, Yahata, & Suto 2013). Due to the limitation of our statistical modeling, we are not yet able to remove the FIR contamination of galaxies from the extinction map. Nevertheless the agreement with the model prediction suggests that the FIR emission of galaxies is mainly responsible for the observed anomaly. While the corresponding systematic error in the Galactic extinction map is 0.1 to 1mmag, it is directly correlated with galaxy clustering, and thus needs to be carefully examined in precision cosmology.

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Effect of primordial non-Gaussianities on the far-UV luminosity function of high-redshift galaxies: implications for cosmic reionization

[Abridged] Understanding how the intergalactic medium (IGM) was reionized at z > 6 is one of the big challenges of current high redshift astronomy. It requires modelling the collapse of the first astrophysical objects (Pop III stars, first galaxies) and their interaction with the IGM, while at the same time pushing current observational facilities to their limits. The observational and theoretical progress of the last few years have led to the emergence of a coherent picture in which the budget of hydrogen-ionizing photons is dominated by low-mass star-forming galaxies, with little contribution from Pop III stars and quasars. The reionization history of the Universe therefore critically depends on the number density of low-mass galaxies at high redshift. In this work, we explore how changes in the statistical properties of initial density fluctuations affect the formation of early galaxies. Following Habouzit et al. (2014), we run 5 N-body simulations with Gaussian and (scale-dependent) non-Gaussian initial conditions, all consistent with Planck constraints. By appealing to a galaxy formation model and to a population synthesis code, we compute the far-UV galaxy luminosity function down to M_UV = -14 at redshift 7 < z < 15. We find that models with strong primordial non-Gaussianities on < Mpc scales show a far-UV luminosity function significantly enhanced in low-mass galaxies. We adopt a reionization model calibrated from state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations and show that such non-Gaussianities leave a clear imprint on the Universe reionization history and electron Thomson scattering optical depth tau_E. Although current uncertainties in the physics of reionization and on the determination of tau_E still dominate the signatures of non-Gaussianities, our results suggest that tau_E could ultimately be used to constrain the statistical properties of initial density fluctuations.

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Testing primordial non-Gaussianities on galactic scales at high redshift

Primordial non-Gaussianities provide an important test of inflationary models. Although the Planck CMB experiment has produced strong limits on non-Gaussianity on scales of clusters, there is still room for considerable non-Gaussianity on galactic scales. We have tested the effect of local non-Gaussianity on the high redshift galaxy population by running five cosmological N-body simulations down to z=6.5. For these simulations, we adopt the same initial phases, and either Gaussian or scale-dependent non-Gaussian primordial fluctuations, all consistent with the constraints set by Planck on clusters scales. We then assign stellar masses to each halo using the halo - stellar mass empirical relation of Behroozi et al. (2013). Our simulations with non-Gaussian initial conditions produce halo mass functions that show clear departures from those obtained from the analogous simulations with Gaussian initial conditions at z>~10. We observe a >0.3 dex enhancement of the low-end of the halo mass function, which leads to a similar effect on the galaxy stellar mass function, which should be testable with future galaxy surveys at z>10. As cosmic reionization is thought to be driven by dwarf galaxies at high redshift, our findings may have implications for the reionization history of the Universe.

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Cosmic shear full nulling: sorting out dynamics, geometry and systematics

An explicit full nulling scheme for cosmic shear observations is presented. It makes possible the construction of shear maps from extended source distributions for which the lens distance distribution is restricted to a definite interval. Such a construction allows to build totally independent shear maps, at all scales, that can be taken advantage of to constrain background cosmological parameters and systematics using the full statistical power of cosmic shear observations. Another advantage of such construction is that, as the lens redshift distribution can be made arbitrarily narrow, scale mixing due to projection effects can be limited allowing controlled predictions on the large scale shear power spectrum from perturbation theory calculations.

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Regularized cosmological power spectrum and correlation function in modified gravity models

Based on the multi-point propagator expansion, we present resummed perturbative calculations for cosmological power spectra and correlation functions in the context of modified gravity. In a wide class of modified gravity models that have a screening mechanism to recover general relativity (GR) on small scales, we apply the eikonal approximation to derive the governing equation for resummed propagator that partly includes the non-perturbative effect in the high-k limit. The resultant propagator in the high-k limit contains the new corrections arising from the screening mechanism as well as the standard exponential damping. We explicitly derive the expression for new high-k contributions in specific modified gravity models, and find that in the case of f(R) gravity for a currently constrained model parameter, the corrections are basically of the sub-leading order and can be neglected. Thus, in f(R) gravity, similarly to the GR case, we can analytically construct the regularized propagator that reproduces both the resummed high-k behavior and the low-k results computed with standard perturbation theory, consistently taking account of the nonlinear modification of gravity valid at large scales. With the regularized multi-point propagators, we give predictions for power spectrum and correlation function at one-loop order, and compare those with N-body simulations in f(R) gravity model. As an important application, we also discuss the redshift-space distortions and compute the anisotropic power spectra and correlation functions.

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Testing the equal-time angular-averaged consistency relation of the gravitational dynamics in N-body simulations

We explicitly test the equal-time consistency relation between the angular-averaged bispectrum and the power spectrum of the matter density field, employing a large suite of cosmological $N$-body simulations. This is the lowest-order version of the relations between $(\ell+n)$-point and $n$-point polyspectra, where one averages over the angles of $\ell$ soft modes. This relation depends on two wave numbers, $k'$ in the soft domain and $k$ in the hard domain. We show that it holds up to a good accuracy, when $k'/k\ll 1$ and $k'$ is in the linear regime, while the hard mode $k$ goes from linear ($0.1\,h\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$) to nonlinear ($1.0\,h\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$) scales. On scales $k\lesssim 0.4\,h\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$, we confirm the relation within the statistical error of the simulations (typically a few percent depending on the wave number), even though the bispectrum can already deviate from leading-order perturbation theory by more than $30\%$. We further examine the relation on smaller scales with higher resolution simulations. We find that the relation holds within the statistical error of the simulations at $z=1$, whereas we find deviations as large as $\sim 7\%$ at $k \sim 1.0\,h\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ at $z=0.35$. We show that this can be explained partly by the breakdown of the approximation $Ω_\mathrm{m}/f^2\simeq1$ with supplemental simulations done in the Einstein-de Sitter background cosmology. We also estimate the impact of this approximation on the power spectrum and bispectrum.

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Simulating the Anisotropic Clustering of Luminous Red Galaxies with Subhalos: A Direct Confrontation with Observation and Cosmological Implications

We model the apparent clustering anisotropy of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey using subhalos identified in cosmological $N$-body simulations. We first conduct a Markov-chain Monte Carlo analysis on the parameters characterizing subhalos hosting LRGs assuming a specific $Λ$CDM cosmology on which we run the simulations. We show that simple models with central and satellite subhalos can explain the observed multipole moments of the power spectrum up to hexadecapole on large scales ($k\lesssim0.3~h\mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$). A satellite fraction of $20$ to $30$ per cent is favored weakly depending on the detail of the model. The fraction is shown to be robust when we adopt a more refined model based on the halo occupation number from the literature. We then vary cosmological parameters controlling the anisotropy in redshift-space effectively by deforming the simulation box (the Alcock-Paczynski effect) and changing the amplitude of the velocities (the redshift-space distortions). We demonstrate that we can constrain the geometry of the universe, the structure growth rate, and the parameters characterizing LRGs simultaneously. This is a step toward cosmological analysis with realistic bias description beyond empirical bias functions with nuisance parameters.

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On the Systematic Errors of Cosmological-Scale Gravity Tests using Redshift Space Distortion: Non-linear Effects and the Halo Bias

Redshift space distortion (RSD) observed in galaxy redshift surveys is a powerful tool to test gravity theories on cosmological scales, but the systematic uncertainties must carefully be examined for future surveys with large statistics. Here we employ various analytic models of RSD and estimate the systematic errors on measurements of the structure growth-rate parameter, $fσ_8$, induced by non-linear effects and the halo bias with respect to the dark matter distribution, by using halo catalogues from 40 realisations of $3.4 \times 10^8$ comoving $h^{-3}$Mpc$^3$ cosmological N-body simulations. We consider hypothetical redshift surveys at redshifts z=0.5, 1.35 and 2, and different minimum halo mass thresholds in the range of $5.0 \times 10^{11}$ -- $2.0 \times 10^{13} h^{-1} M_\odot$. We find that the systematic error of $fσ_8$ is greatly reduced to ~5 per cent level, when a recently proposed analytical formula of RSD that takes into account the higher-order coupling between the density and velocity fields is adopted, with a scale-dependent parametric bias model. Dependence of the systematic error on the halo mass, the redshift, and the maximum wavenumber used in the analysis is discussed. We also find that the Wilson-Hilferty transformation is useful to improve the accuracy of likelihood analysis when only a small number of modes are available in power spectrum measurements.

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Simultaneous constraints on the growth of structure and cosmic expansion from the multipole power spectra of the SDSS DR7 LRG sample

The anisotropic galaxy clustering on large scales provides us with a unique opportunity to probe into the gravity theory through the redshift-space distortions (RSDs) and the Alcock-Paczynski effect. Using the multipole power spectra up to hexadecapole (ell=4), of the Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) sample in the data release 7 (DR7) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II (SDSS-II), we obtain simultaneous constraints on the linear growth rate f, angular diameter distance D_A, and Hubble parameter H at redshift z = 0.3. For this purpose, we first extensively examine the validity of a theoretical model for the non-linear RSDs using mock subhalo catalogues from N-body simulations, which are constructed to match with the observed multipole power spectra. We show that the input cosmological parameters of the simulations can be recovered well within the error bars by comparing the multipole power spectra of our theoretical model and those of the mock subhalo catalogues. We also carefully examine systematic uncertainties in our analysis by testing the dependence on prior assumption of the theoretical model and the range of wavenumbers to be used in the fitting. These investigations validate that the theoretical model can be safely applied to the real data. Thus, our results from the SDSS DR7 LRG sample are robust including systematics of theoretical modeling; f(z = 0.3) sigma_8(z = 0.3) =0.49+-0.08(stat.)+-0.04(sys.), D_A (z = 0.3) =968+-42(stat.)+-17(sys.)[Mpc], H (z = 0.3) =81.7+-5.0(stat.)+-3.7(sys.)[km/s/Mpc]. We believe that our method to constrain the cosmological parameters using subhaloes catalogues will be useful for more refined samples like CMASS and LOWZ catalogues in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey in SDSS-III.

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Impact of the non-Gaussian covariance of the weak lensing power spectrum and bispectrum on cosmological parameter estimation

We study how well the Gaussian approximation is valid for computing the covariance matrices of the convergence power and bispectrum in weak gravitational lensing analyses. We focus on its impact on the cosmological parameter estimations by comparing the results with and without non-Gaussian error contribution in the covariance matrix. We numerically derive the covariance matrix as well as the cosmology dependence of the spectra from a large set of N-body simulations performed for various cosmologies and carry out Fisher matrix forecasts for tomographic weak lensing surveys with three source redshifts. After showing the consistency of the power and bispectra measured from our simulations with the state-of-the-art fitting formulas, we investigate the covariance matrix assuming a typical ongoing survey across 1500 deg^2 with the mean source number density of 30 arcmin^{-2} at the mean redshift z_s=1.0. Although the shape noise contributes a significant fraction to the total error budget and it mitigates the impact of the non-Gaussian error for this source number density, we find that the non-Gaussian error degrades the cumulative signal-to-noise ratio up to the maximum multipole of 2000 by a factor of about 2 (3) in the power (bi-) spectrum analysis. Its impact on the final cosmological parameter forecast with 6 parameters can be as large as 15% in the size of the one-dimensional statistical error. This can be a problem in future wide and deep weak lensing surveys for precision cosmology. We also show how much the dark energy figure of merit is affected by the non-Gaussian error contribution and demonstrate an optimal survey design with a fixed observational time.

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Modeling the Phase-Space Distribution around Massive Halos

The comparison between dynamical mass and lensing mass provides a targeted test for a wide range of modified gravity models. In our previous paper we showed, through numerical simulations, that the measurement of the line-of-sight velocity dispersion around stacked massive clusters whose lensing masses are known allows for stringent constraints on modified gravity on scales of 2 - 15 Mpc/h. In this work we develop a semi-analytical approach based on the halo model to describe the phase-space distribution and the line-of-sight velocity dispersion for different tracers. The model distinguishes contributions from the halo pairwise velocity and the virial velocity within halos. We also discuss observational complications, in particular the contribution from Hubble flow, and show how our model can incorporate these complications. We then incorporate the effects of modified gravity (specifically, f(R) and braneworld models), and show that the model predictions are in excellent agreement with modified gravity simulations. More broadly, the phase-space distribution provides a sensitive test of our understanding of hierarchical structure formation when confronted with observations via this model.

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Matter power spectrum from a Lagrangian-space regularization of perturbation theory

We present a new approach to computing the matter density power spectrum, from large linear scales to small highly nonlinear scales. Instead of explicitly computing a partial series of high-order diagrams, as in perturbative resummation schemes, we embed the standard perturbation theory within a realistic nonlinear Lagrangian-space ansatz. We also point out that an "adhesion-like" regularization of the shell-crossing regime is more realistic than a "Zel'dovich-like" behavior, where particles freely escape to infinity. This provides a "cosmic web" power spectrum with good small-scale properties that provide a good matching with a halo model on mildly nonlinear scales. We obtain a good agreement with numerical simulations on large scales, better than 3% for $k\leq 1 h$Mpc$^{-1}$, and on small scales, better than 10% for $k \leq 10 h$Mpc$^{-1}$, at $z \geq 0.35$, which improves over previous methods.

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Perturbation theory for nonlinear halo power spectrum: the renormalized bias and halo bias

We revisit an analytical model to describe the halo-matter cross-power spectrum and the halo auto-power spectrum in the weakly nonlinear regime, by combining the perturbation theory (PT) for matter clustering, the local bias model, and the halo bias. Nonlinearities in the power spectra arise from the nonlinear clustering of matter as well as the nonlinear relation between the matter and halo density fields. By using the "renormalization" approach, we express the nonlinear power spectra by a sum of the two contributions: the nonlinear matter power spectrum with the effective linear bias parameter, and the higher-order PT spectra having the halo bias parameters as the coefficients. The halo auto-power spectrum includes the residual shot noise contamination that needs to be treated as additional free parameter. The term(s) of the higher-order PT spectra and the residual shot noise cause a scale-dependent bias function relative to the nonlinear matter power spectrum in the weakly nonlinear regime. We show that the model predictions are in good agreement with the spectra measured from a suit of high-resolution $N$-body simulations up to $k\simeq 0.2 h$/Mpc at $z=0.35$, for different halo mass bins.

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Precision modeling of redshift-space distortions from multi-point propagator expansion

Using a full implementation of resummed perturbation theory (PT) from a multi-point propagator expansion, we put forward new theoretical predictions for the two-point statistics of matter fluctuations in redshift space. The predictions consistently include PT corrections up to the two-loop order and are based on an improved prescription of the redshift-space distortions (RSD) that properly takes into account their non-Gaussian impact from a systematic low-k expansion. In contrast to the previous studies that partly used standard PT calculations, the present treatment is able to provide a consistent prediction for both power spectra and correlation functions. These results are compared with $N$-body simulations with which a very good agreement is found up to the quadrupole moment. The theoretical predictions for the hexadecapole moment of the power spectra are however found to significantly departs from the numerical results at low redshift. We examine this issue and found it to be likely related to an improper modeling of the RSD damping effects on which this moment shows large dependence.

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Chasing Unbiased Spectra of the Universe

The cosmological power spectrum of the coherent matter flow is measured exploiting an improved prescription for the apparent anisotropic clustering pattern in redshift space. New statistical analysis is presented to provide an optimal observational platform to link the improved redshift distortion theoretical model to future real datasets. The statistical power as well as robustness of our method are tested against 60 realizations of 8 Gpc/h^3 dark matter simulation maps mocking the precision level of upcoming wide--deep surveys. We showed that we can accurately extract the velocity power spectrum up to quasi linear scales of k~0.1 h/Mpc at z = 0.35 and up to k~0.15 h/Mpc at higher redshifts within a couple of percentage precision level. Our understanding of redshift space distortion is proved to be appropriate for precision cosmology, and our statistical method will guide us to righteous path to meet the real world.

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Cosmic propagators at two-loop order

We explore the properties of two-point cosmic propagators when Perturbation Theory (PT) loop corrections are consistently taken into account. We show in particular how the interpolation scheme proposed in arXiv:1112.3895 can be explicitly used up to two-loop order introducing the notion of regular parts for the contributing terms. Extending the one-loop results, we then derive and give semi analytical forms of the two-loop contributions for both the cosmic density and velocity propagators. These results are tested against numerical simulations and shown to significantly improve upon one-loop results for redshifts above 0.5. We found however that at lower redshift two-loop order corrections are too large partly due to a strong sensitivity of those terms to the small scale modes. We show that this dependence is expected to be even larger for higher order loop corrections both from theoretical investigations and numerical tests, the latter obtained with Monte Carlo evaluations of the three-loop contributions. This makes small-scale regularization schemes necessary for the use of such higher order corrections.

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Revising the Halofit Model for the Nonlinear Matter Power Spectrum

Based on a suite of state-of-the-art high-resolution $N$-body simulations, we revisit the so-called halofit model (Smith et al. 2003) as an accurate fitting formula for the nonlinear matter power spectrum. While the halofit model has been frequently used as a standard cosmological tool to predict the nonlinear matter power spectrum in a universe dominated by cold dark matter, its precision has been limited by the low-resolution of $N$-body simulations used to determine the fitting parameters, suggesting the necessity of improved fitting formula at small scales for future cosmological studies. We run high-resolution $N$-body simulations for 16 cosmological models around the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) best-fit cosmological parameters (1, 3, 5, and 7 year results), including dark energy models with a constant equation of state. The simulation results are used to re-calibrate the fitting parameters of the halofit model so as to reproduce small-scale power spectra of the $N$-body simulations, while keeping the precision at large scales. The revised fitting formula provides an accurate prediction of the nonlinear matter power spectrum in a wide range of wavenumber ($k \leq 30h$\,Mpc$^{-1}$) at redshifts $0 \leq z \leq 10$, with 5% precision for $k\leq1 h$ Mpc$^{-1}$ at $0 \leq z \leq 10$ and 10% for $1 \leq k\leq 10 h$ Mpc$^{-1} $ at $0 \leq z \leq 3$. We discuss the impact of the improved halofit model on weak lensing power spectra and correlation functions, and show that the improved model better reproduces ray-tracing simulation results.

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