Extracting the Optical Depth to Reionization $τ$ from 21 cm Data Using Machine Learning Techniques
Upcoming measurements of the high-redshift 21 cm signal from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) are a promising probe of the astrophysics of the first galaxies and of cosmological parameters. In particular, the optical depth $τ$ to the last scattering surface of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) should be tightly constrained by direct measurements of the neutral hydrogen state at high redshift. A robust measurement of $τ$ from 21 cm data would help eliminate it as a nuisance parameter from CMB estimates of cosmological parameters. Previous proposals for extracting $τ$ from future 21 cm datasets have typically used the 21 cm power spectra generated by semi-numerical models to reconstruct the reionization history. We present here a different approach which uses convolution neural networks (CNNs) trained on mock images of the 21 cm EoR signal to extract $τ$. We construct a CNN that improves upon on previously proposed architectures, and perform an automated hyperparameter optimization. We show that well-trained CNNs are able to accurately predict $τ$, even when removing Fourier modes that are expected to be corrupted by bright foreground contamination of the 21 cm signal. Typical random errors for an optimized network are less than $3.06\%$, with biases factors of several smaller. While preliminary, this approach could yield constraints on $τ$ that improve upon sample-variance limited measurements of the low-$\ell$ EE observations of the CMB, making this approach a valuable complement to more traditional methods of inferring $τ$.