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Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen

Publications and source records attributed to Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Round Table Discussion at the Workshop "New Directions in Modern Cosmology"

The workshop "New directions in modern cosmology", organized by Theo Nieuwenhuizen, Rudy Schild, Francesco Sylos Labini and Ruth Durrer, was held from September 27 until October 1, 2010, in the Lorentz Center in Leiden, the Netherlands. A transcript of the final round table discussion, chaired by Theo Nieuwenhuizen and Rudy Schild, is presented. The subjects are: 0) spread in data; 1) back reaction; 2) $N$-body simulations; 3) neutrinos as the dark matter; 4) gravitational hydrodynamics, 5) missing baryons and lensing in an inhomogeneous universe, and 6) final points.

astro-ph.CO↗

Prediction for the neutrino mass in the KATRIN experiment from lensing by the galaxy cluster A1689

The KATRIN experiment in Karlsruhe Germany will monitor the decay of tritium, which produces an electron-antineutrino. While the present upper bound for its mass is 2 eV/$c^2$, KATRIN will search down to 0.2 eV$/c^2$. If the dark matter of the galaxy cluster Abell 1689 is modeled as degenerate isothermal fermions, the strong and weak lensing data may be explained by degenerate neutrinos with mass of 1.5 eV$/c^2$. Strong lensing data beyond 275 kpc put tension on the standard cold dark matter interpretation. In the most natural scenario, the electron antineutrino will have a mass of 1.5 eV/$c^2$, a value that will be tested in KATRIN.

astro-ph.CO↗

Explanation of the Helium-3 problem

One of the tests of nucleosynthesis theory is the $^3$He abundance in the Galaxy. $^3$He$^+$ is observed through its 3.46 cm hyperfine level in Hii regions and the $^3$He/H ratio compares well with theory. Since $^3$He can be created or destroyed in nuclear reactions, one would expect that its abundance shows a trend with the amount of such reactions, so with distance to the Center of the Galaxy and with metallicity. Such trends are lacking in observations. This is explained by assuming that the Hii clouds are recently formed out of the primordial micro brown dwarfs of earth mass predicted by gravitational hydrodynamics. If indeed existing, they would preserve their primordial $^3$He/H ratio and spread this when evaporating into Hii clouds, independent of the location in the Galaxy. In the development of the argument, it is also explained that wide binaries do not rule out the MACHO dark matter predicted by gravitational hydrodynamics, but are rather immersed as visible partners in Jeans clusters of dark micro brown dwarfs.

astro-ph.CO↗

Do micro brown dwarf detections explain the galactic dark matter?

Context: The baryonic dark matter dominating the structures of galaxies is widely considered as mysterious, but hints for it have been in fact detected in several astronomical observations at optical, infrared, and radio wavelengths. We call attention to the nature of galaxy merging, the observed rapid microlensing of a quasar, the detection of "cometary knots" in planetary nebulae, and the Lyman-alpha clouds as optical phenomena revealing the compact objects. Radio observations of "extreme scattering events" and "parabolic arcs" and microwave observations of "cold dust cirrus" clouds are observed at 15 - 20 K temperatures are till now not considered in a unifying picture. Aims: The theory of gravitational hydrodynamics predicts galactic dark matter arises from Jeans clusters that are made up of almost a trillion micro brown dwarfs (mBDs) of earth weight. It is intended to explain the aforementioned anomalous observations and to make predictions within this framework. Methods: We employ analytical isothermal modeling to estimate various effects. Results: Estimates of their total number show that they comprise enough mass to constitute the missing baryonic matter. Mysterious radio events are explained by mBD pair merging in the Galaxy. The "dust" temperature of cold galaxy halos arises from a thermostat setting due to a slow release of latent heat at the 14 K gas to solid transition at the mBD surface. The proportionality of the central black hole mass of a galaxy and its number of globular clusters is explained. The visibility of an early galaxy at redshift 8.6 is obvious with most hydrogen locked up in mBDs. Conclusions: Numerical simulations of various steps would further test the approach. It looks promising to redo MACHO searches against the Magellanic clouds.

astro-ph.CO↗

An overview on Single Apparatus Quantum Measurements

Given the state of a quantum system, one can calculate the expectation value of any observable of the system. However, the inverse problem of determining the state by performing different measurements is not a trivial task. In various experimental setups it is reasonably straightforward to reconstruct the state of a quantum system employing linear tomographic technique. In this way the elements of the density matrix can be linearly related to a set of measured quantities. But since different observables of a quantum system are not commuting with each other, one often has to perform series of successive measurements of observables which cannot be done simultaneously. Simultaneous measurement of observables cost less time and energy and is more beneficial. In this paper we review the strategy of quantum state tomography with simultaneous measurement of commuting observables. This can be done by introducing an assistant system of which the state is known. We show that the interaction between the assistant and the system of interest within different frame works allows the reconstruction of the state of the system. Specifically, we consider a two-level system and reconstruct its initial state by introducing an assistant which can be either another two-level system or a single cavity mode of the electromagnetic field.

quant-ph↗

Gravitational hydrodynamics vs observations of voids, Jeans clusters and MACHO dark matter

Gravitational hydrodynamics acknowledges that hydrodynamics is essentially nonlinear and viscous. In the plasma, at $z=5100$, the viscous length enters the horizon and causes fragmentation into plasma clumps surrounded by voids. The latter have expanded to 38 Mpc now, explaining the cosmic void scale $30/h=42$ Mpc. After the decoupling the Jeans mechanism fragments all matter in clumps of ca 40,000 solar masses. Each of them fragments due to viscosity in millibrown dwarfs of earth weight, so each Jeans cluster contains billions of them. The Jeans clusters act as ideal gas particles in the isothermal model, explaining the flattening of rotation curves. The first stars in old globular clusters are formed by aggregation of milli brown dwarfs, without dark period. Star formation also happens when Jean clusters come close to each other and agitate and heat up the cooled milli brown dwarfs, which then expand and coalesce to form new stars. This explains the Tully-Fischer and Jackson-Faber relations, and the formation of young globular clusters in galaxy mergers. Thousand of milli brown dwarfs have been observed in quasar microlensing and some 40,000 in the Helix planetary nebula. While the milli brown dwarfs, i.e., dark baryons, constitute the galactic dark matter, cluster dark matter consists probably of 1.5 eV neutrinos, free streaming at the decoupling. These two types of dark matter explain a wealth of observations.

astro-ph.CO↗

The case of 1.5 eV neutrino hot dark matter

The lensing data of the galaxy cluster Abell 1689 can be explained by an isothermal fermion model with a mass of 1-2 eV. The best candidate is the 1.5 eV neutrino; its mass will be searched down to 0.2 eV in KATRIN 2015. If its righthanded (sterile) modes were created too, there is 20% neutrino hot dark matter. Their condensation on clusters explains the reionization of the intercluster gas without Pop. III stars. Baryonic structure formation is achieved by gravitional hydrodynamics alone, without dark matter trigger.

astro-ph.CO↗

Bose-Einstein condensed supermassive black holes: a case of renormalized quantum field theory in curved space-time

This paper investigates the question whether a realistic black hole can be in principal similar to a star, having a large but finite redshift at its horizon. If matter spreads throughout the interior of a supermassive black hole with mass $M\sim10^9M_\odot$, it has an average density comparable to air and it may arise from a Bose-Einstein condensate of densely packed H-atoms. Within the Relativistic Theory of Gravitation with a positive cosmological constant, a bosonic quantum field describing H atoms is coupled to the curvature scalar with dimensionless coupling $ξ$. In the Bose-Einstein condensed groundstate an exact, self-consistent solution for the metric occurs for a certain large value of $ξ$, quadratic in the black hole mass. It is put forward that $ξ$ is set by proper choice of the background metric as a first step of a renormalization approach, while otherwise the non-linearities are small. The black hole has a hair, the binding energy. Fluctuations about the ground state are considered.

gr-qc↗

Gravitational hydrodynamics of large scale structure formation

The gravitational hydrodynamics of the primordial plasma with neutrino hot dark matter is considered as a challenge to the bottom-up cold dark matter paradigm. Viscosity and turbulence induce a top-down fragmentation scenario before and at decoupling. The first step is the creation of voids in the plasma, which expand to 37 Mpc on the average now. The remaining matter clumps turn into galaxy clusters. Turbulence produced at expanding void boundaries causes a linear morphology of 3 kpc fragmenting protogalaxies along vortex lines. At decoupling galaxies and proto-globular star clusters arise; the latter constitute the galactic dark matter halos and consist themselves of earth-mass H-He planets. Frozen planets are observed in microlensing and white-dwarf-heated ones in planetary nebulae. The approach also explains the Tully-Fisher and Faber-Jackson relations, and cosmic microwave temperature fluctuations of micro-Kelvins.

astro-ph.CO↗

Supermassive Black Holes as Giant Bose-Einstein Condensates

The Schwarzschild metric has a divergent energy density at the horizon, which motivates a new approach to black holes. If matter is spread uniformly throughout the interior of a supermassive black hole, with mass $M\sim M_\star= 2.34 10^8M_\odot$, it may arise from a Bose-Einstein condensate of densely packed H-atoms. Within the Relativistic Theory of Gravitation with a positive cosmological constant, a bosonic quantum field is coupled to the curvature scalar. In the Bose-Einstein condensed groundstate an exact, selfconsistent solution for the metric is presented. It is regular with a specific shape at the origin. The redshift at the horizon is finite but large, $z\sim 10^{14}$$M_\star/M$. The binding energy remains as an additional parameter to characterize the BH; alternatively, the mass observed at infinity can be any fraction of the rest mass of its constituents.

gr-qc↗

Exact solution for the interior of a black hole

Within the Relativistic Theory of Gravitation it is shown that the equation of state $p=ρ$ holds near the center of a black hole. For the stiff equation of state $p=ρ-ρ_c$ the interior metric is solved exactly. It is matched with the Schwarzschild metric, which is deformed in a narrow range beyond the horizon. The solution is regular everywhere, with a specific shape at the origin. The gravitational redshift at the horizon remains finite but is large, $z\sim 10^{23}$$M_\odot/M$. Time keeps its standard role also in the interior. The energy of the Schwarzschild metric, shown to be minus infinity in the General Theory of Relativity, is regularized in this setup, resulting in $E=Mc^2$.

gr-qc↗

Memory Effects in the Standard Model for Glasses

The standard model of glasses is an ensemble of two-level systems interacting with a thermal bath. The general origin of memory effects in this model is a quasi-stationary but non-equilibrium state of a single two-level system, which is realized due to a finite-rate cooling and very slow thermally activated relaxation. We show that single particle memory effects, such as negativity of the specific heat under reheating, vanish for a sufficiently disordered ensemble. In contrast, a disordered ensemble displays a collective memory effect [similar to that described by Kovacs for glassy polymers], where non-equilibrium features of the ensemble are monitored via a macroscopic observable. An experimental realization of the effect can be used to further assess the consistency of the model.

cond-mat.dis-nn↗

Einstein vs Maxwell: Is gravitation a curvature of space, a field in flat space, or both?

Starting with a field theoretic approach in Minkowski space, the gravitational energy momentum tensor is derived from the Einstein equations in a straightforward manner. This allows to present them as {\it acceleration tensor} = const. $\times$ {\it total energy momentum tensor}. For flat space cosmology the gravitational energy is negative and cancels the material energy. In the relativistic theory of gravitation a bimetric coupling between the Riemann and Minkowski metrics breaks general coordinate invariance. The case of a positive cosmological constant is considered. A singularity free version of the Schwarzschild black hole is solved analytically. In the interior the components of the metric tensor quickly die out, but do not change sign, leaving the role of time as usual. For cosmology the $Λ$CDM model is covered, while there appears a form of inflation at early times. Here both the total energy and the zero point energy vanish.

gr-qc↗

The Quantum Measurement Process: Lessons from an Exactly Solvable Model

The measurement of a spin-$\half$ is modeled by coupling it to an apparatus, that consists of an Ising magnetic dot coupled to a phonon bath. Features of quantum measurements are derived from the dynamical solution of the measurement, regarded as a process of quantum statistical mechanics. Schrödinger cat terms involving both the system and the apparatus, die out very quickly, while the registration is a process taking the apparatus from its initially metastable state to one of its stable final states. The occurrence of Born probabilities can be inferred at the macroscopic level, by looking at the pointer alone. Apparent non-unitary behavior of the measurement process is explained by the arisal of small many particle correlations, that characterize relaxation.

quant-ph↗

Kovacs effect in solvable model glasses

The Kovacs protocol, based on the temperature shift experiment originally conceived by A.J. Kovacs and applied on glassy polymers, is implemented in an exactly solvable model with facilitated dynamics. This model is based on interacting fast and slow modes represented respectively by spherical spins and harmonic oscillator variables. Due to this fundamental property and to slow dynamics, the model reproduces the characteristic non-monotonic evolution known as the ``Kovacs effect'', observed in polymers, spin glasses, in granular materials and models of molecular liquids, when similar experimental protocols are implemented.

cond-mat.dis-nn↗

Kovacs Effect in a Fragile Glass Model

The Kovacs protocol, based on the temperature shift experiment originally conceived by A.J. Kovacs for glassy polymers, is implemented in an exactly solvable dynamical model. This model is characterized by interacting fast and slow modes represented respectively by spherical spins and harmonic oscillator variables. Due to this fundamental property, the model reproduces the characteristic non-monotonic evolution known as the ``Kovacs effect'', observed in polymers, in granular materials and models of molecular liquids, when similar experimental protocols are implemented.

cond-mat.dis-nn↗