arXiv subjects

Thomas Bertram

Publications and source records attributed to Thomas Bertram.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

METIS high-contrast imaging simulations: From instrument modelling to science readiness

The Mid-infrared Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) instrument, expected to see first light in early 2030, aims to detect and characterise exoplanets and circumstellar disks through high- contrast imaging (HCI) and spectroscopy. The High-contrast End-to-End Performance Simulator (HEEPS), initially developed to support the design of the METIS HCI modes, has evolved into a crucial tool for the METIS science team to prepare and optimize observations. HEEPS is an open-source Python-based software with a modular architecture, integrating the wavefront Fresnel propagation package PROPER, and HCI image processing with the Vortex Image Processing (VIP) package. Though designed for METIS, its modularity has been applied to other HCI instruments as well. This work presents recent updates to HEEPS, including modelling of the final METIS pupil and Lyot stops, revised quasi-static non-common path aberrations (NCPA) and Talbot effect simulations informed by as-built optical surface errors, and updated METIS Single Conjugated Adaptive Optics (SCAO) simulations. We also discuss advancements in NCPA control strategies focusing on framerate, latency and sensing performance optimization, particularly for mitigating water vapor seeing effects using the asymmetric Lyot wavefront sensor (ALF) algorithm. With these refinements, we present a comprehensive grid of HCI performance simulations for METIS, covering a range of magnitudes in the L, M, and N-bands, and several HCI observing modes. These simulations produce updated 5-sigma sensitivity contrast curves and mock HCI observations, providing key insights on HCI performance for instrument optimization and science observation planning. Our results underscore the key role of end-to-end simulations in bridging instrumental design and scientific readiness in the ELT era.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Development of an adaptive optics testbed at MPIA for the ELT/Planetary Camera and Spectrograph (PCS)

The Planetary Camera and Spectrograph (PCS) is a proposed second-generation instrument for the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), dedicated to the direct imaging and characterization of exoplanets. To meet its demanding science requirements, PCS will incorporate an extreme adaptive optics (AO) system, building upon the heritage of existing ELT AO instruments such as ELT/METIS, as well as high-contrast AO systems at the ELT and the VLT, including SPHERE and its upcoming upgrade, SAXO+. PCS development requires extensive research and development to advance critical AO technologies. In this work, we present the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) plan for a modular testbed to validate key components and control strategies. This testbed will integrate two deformable mirrors, including a DM prototype developed by Bertin-ALPAO in collaboration with ESO, with an estimated delivery in 2029. The facility will enable testing of different Fourier filtering wavefront sensors, including novel mask designs, while exploring different control architectures, such as woofer-tweeter configurations with a single wavefront sensor for both deformable mirrors or fully independent AO stages. Additionally, the testbed will leverage MPIA's expertise in real-time computer development to experiment with advanced control strategies, including predictive control and machine learning-enhanced AO techniques. This contribution presents the current status of PCS development at MPIA, highlighting the ongoing R\&D efforts to mature its AO system for high-contrast imaging with the ELT.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2026

Maximising the mid-infrared high-contrast performance of ELT/METIS despite water vapour seeing

The Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) will be equipped with a SCAO system delivering Strehl ratios above 90% at L band (3.5 - 4.1 um) and close to 99% at N band (8 - 13 um) on bright stars. Yet, the actual wavefront quality seen by the METIS coronagraphic modules used for high-contrast imaging will be significantly affected by water vapour seeing, which add a strong chromatic component to dry air seeing in the mid-infrared. We analysed two years of VLTI/GRAVITY fringe tracker archives to assess the variability of differential water vapour column density at millisecond timescales on ELT scales. Our analysis suggests that water vapour seeing will add a median wavefront error of about 175 nm rms at N band, consisting mostly of low-order aberrations, with around 150 nm rms of tip-tilt errors. If not corrected, this effect would degrade the achievable sensitivity limits in terms of contrast by more than two magnitudes. To mitigate this effect, we plan to deploy a focal-plane wavefront sensing and control algorithm based on an asymmetric pupil using a deep learning approach. After briefly discussing the practical impacts of focal-plane wavefront control in METIS, we compare the expected high-contrast imaging performance with and without focal-plane wavefront control.

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arXiv2026

Assembly, integration, and verification of MITESI: an optical testbed for simulating the ELT in the laboratory

MITESI is an optical testbed which simulates key characteristics of the ELT, ultimately producing an artificial natural guide star. It was designed primarily to enable testing of the METIS instrument's SCAO system in closed loop. In this contribution, we discuss the assembly, integration and verification process of the testbed, taking the project from design to assembled hardware.

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arXiv2026

A 5kHz modulator for pyramid wavefront sensors

Despite the emergence of new types of wavefront sensors, the modulated pyramid wavefront sensor remains the workhorse for ELT instrumentation, and is among the options even for advanced high-contrast, high-Strehl instrumentation like PCS and SAXO+. To achieve the required degree of wavefront control, an operation at frequencies of 3kHz, ideally up to 5kHz, is necessary, requiring an optomechanical device capable of delivering accurate circular modulation patterns with these frequencies. Here, we present tests of a novel type of high-frequency modulator based on shearing piezo actuators. The modulator prototype moves a flat circular mirror (15mm diameter) with a tip-tilt range of plus/minus 50 arcsec. At a typical 10mm pupil diameter on the modulator mirror, and operating at 2.2$\mu$m, this will create a modulation circle with a radius of slightly greater than 2 $\lambda$/D. While this is less than conventionally specified for most instruments, it should already be sufficient for any practical application except for very bad conditions or extended targets. We performed modulation tests at frequencies between 250 Hz to 5 kHz using a test setup including a modulated laser beam probed with a high-speed camera. The prototype showed stable behaviour during a one-hour-long operation at a maximum frequency of 5 kHz and with negligible heat generation. The maximum modulation amplitude was 60 arcsec. We observed very accurate reproduction of the input modulation pattern with typical ellipticities less than 1% and random deviations below 0.2% for frequencies below 4.5kHz. These tests demonstrate the prototype's capabilities and could be followed by on-sky tests or the integration of the modulator into XAO testbeds.

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arXiv2024

High strehl and high contrast for the ELT instrument METIS -- Final design, implementation, and predicted performance of the single-conjugate adaptive optics system

The Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) is a first-generation instrument for the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), Europe's next-generation 39 m ground-based telescope for optical and infrared wavelengths. METIS will offer diffraction-limited imaging, low- and medium-resolution slit spectroscopy, and coronagraphy for high-contrast imaging between 3 and 13 microns, as well as high-resolution integral field spectroscopy between 3 and 5 microns. The main METIS science goals are the detection and characterisation of exoplanets, the investigation of proto-planetary disks, and the formation of planets. The Single-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (SCAO) system corrects atmospheric distortions and is thus essential for diffraction-limited observations with METIS. Numerous challenging aspects of an ELT Adaptive Optics (AO) system are addressed in the mature designs for the SCAO control system and the SCAO hardware module: the complex interaction with the telescope entities that participate in the AO control, wavefront reconstruction with a fragmented and moving pupil, secondary control tasks to deal with differential image motion, non-common path aberrations and mis-registration. A K-band pyramid wavefront sensor and a GPU-based Real-Time Computer (RTC), tailored to the needs of METIS at the ELT, are core components. This current paper serves as a natural sequel to our previous work presented in Hippler et al. (2018). It includes updated performance estimations in terms of several key performance indicators, including achieved contrast curves. We outline all important design decisions that were taken, and present the major challenges we faced and the main analyses carried out to arrive at these decisions and eventually the final design. We also elaborate on our testing and verification strategy, and, last not least, comprehensively present the full design, hardware and software.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2024

ALF: an asymmetric Lyot wavefront sensor for the ELT/METIS vortex coronagraph

Non-common path quasi-static and differential aberrations are one of the big hurdles of direct imaging for current and future high-contrast imaging instruments. They increase speckle and photon noise thus reducing the achievable contrast and lead to a significant hit in HCI performance. The Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) will provide high-contrast imaging, including vortex coronagraphy in L, M and N bands, with the ultimate goal of directly imaging temperate rocky planets around the nearest stars. Ground-based mid-infrared observations are however also impacted by water vapor inhomogeneities in the atmosphere, which generate additional chromatic turbulence not corrected by the near-infrared adaptive optics. This additional source of wavefront error (WFE) significantly impacts HCI performance, and even dominates the WFE budget in N band. Instantaneous focal plane wavefront sensing is thus required to mitigate its impact. In this context, we propose to implement a novel wavefront sensing approach for the vortex coronagraph using an asymmetric Lyot stop and machine learning. The asymmetric pupil stop allows for the problem to become solvable, lifting the ambiguity on the sign of even Zernike modes. Choosing the Lyot plane instead of the entrance pupil for this mask is also not arbitrary: it preserves the rejection efficiency of the coronagraph and minimizes the impact of the asymmetry on the throughput. Last but not least, machine learning allows us to solve this inversion problem which is non-linear and lacks an analytical solution. In this contribution, we present our concept, our simulation framework, our results and a first laboratory demonstration of the technique.

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arXiv2024

METIS high-contrast imaging: from final design to manufacturing and testing

The Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) is one of the first-generation scientific instruments for the ELT, built under the supervision of ESO by a consortium of research institutes across and beyond Europe. Designed to cover the 3 to 13 $\mu$m wavelength range, METIS had its final design reviewed in Fall 2022, and has then entered in earnest its manufacture, assembly, integration, and test (MAIT) phase. Here, we present the final design of the METIS high-contrast imaging (HCI) modes. We detail the implementation of the two main coronagraphic solutions selected for METIS, namely the vortex coronagraph and the apodizing phase plate, including their combination with the high-resolution integral field spectrograph of METIS, and briefly describe their respective backup plans (Lyot coronagraph and shaped pupil plate). We then describe the status of the MAIT phase for HCI modes, including a review of the final design of individual components such as the vortex phase masks, the grayscale ring apodizer, and the apodizing phase plates, as well as a description of their on-going performance tests and of our plans for system-level integration and tests. Using end-to-end simulations, we predict the performance that will be reached on sky by the METIS HCI modes in presence of various environmental and instrumental disturbances, including non-common path aberrations and water vapor seeing, and discuss our strategy to mitigate these various effects. We finally illustrate with mock observations and data processing that METIS should be capable of directly imaging temperate rocky planets around the nearest stars.

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arXiv2023

Simulating METIS SCAO System

METIS, the Mid-Infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph, is one of the four first-generation ELT instruments scheduled to see first light in 2028. Its two main science modules are supported by an adaptive optics system featuring a pyramid sensor with 90x90 subapertures working in the H and K bands. During the PDR and FDR phases, extensive simulations were carried out to support the sensing, reconstruction, and control concept of METIS single-conjugate adaptive optics (SCAO) system. We present details on the implementation of the COMPASS-based environment used for the simulations, the metrics used for analyzing our performance expectations, an overview of the main results, and some details on special cases like non-common path aberrations (NCPA) and water vapor seeing, as well as the low-wind effect.

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arXiv2021

LINC-NIRVANA Commissioning at the Large Binocular Telescope -- Lessons Learned

LINC-NIRVANA (LN) is one of the instruments on-board the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). LN is a high-resolution, near-infrared imager equipped with an advanced adaptive optics module. LN implements layer-oriented Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) approach using two independent wavefront sensors per side of the binocular telescope measuring the turbulence volume above the telescope. The capability of acquiring up to 20 Natural Guide Stars simultaneously from two distinct fields of view, and using them for wavefront sensing with 20 separate pyramids per side of the telescope makes the LN MCAO system one of a kind. Commissioning of the left MCAO channel is almost complete, while that of the right arm is on-going. The Science Verification on the left side is expected to start soon after the MCAO performance is optimised for faint guide stars. In this article, we put together the lessons learned during the commissioning of the LN MCAO module. We hope and believe that this article will help the future MCAO instrument commissioning teams.

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arXiv2021

Conference proceedings KI4Industry AI for SMEs -- The online congress for practical entry into AI for SMEs

The Institute of Materials and Processes, IMP, of the University of Applied Sciences in Karlsruhe, Germany in cooperation with VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure e.V, AEN Automotive Engineering Network and their cooperation partners present their competences of AI-based solution approaches in the production engineering field. The online congress KI 4 Industry on November 12 and 13, 2020, showed what opportunities the use of artificial intelligence offers for medium-sized manufacturing companies, SMEs, and where potential fields of application lie. The main purpose of KI 4 Industry is to increase the transfer of knowledge, research and technology from universities to small and medium-sized enterprises, to demystify the term AI and to encourage companies to use AI-based solutions in their own value chain or in their products.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2021

The adaptive optics simulation analysis tool(kit) (AOSAT)

AOSAT is a python package for the analysis of single-conjugate adaptive optics (SCAO) simulation results. Python is widely used in the astronomical community these days, and AOSAT may be used stand-alone, integrated into a simulation environment, or can easily be extended according to a user's needs. Standalone operation requires the user to provide the residual wavefront frames provided by the SCAO simulation package used, the aperture mask (pupil) used for the simulation, and a custom setup file describing the simulation/analysis configuration. In its standard form, AOSAT's "tearsheet" functionality will then run all standard analyzers, providing an informative plot collection on properties such as the point-spread function (PSF) and its quality, residual tip-tilt, the impact of pupil fragmentation, residual optical aberration modes both static and dynamic, the expected high-contrast performance of suitable instrumentation with and without coronagraphs, and the power spectral density of residual wavefront errors. AOSAT fills the gap between the simple numerical outputs provided by most simulation packages, and the full-scale deployment of instrument simulators and data reduction suites operating on SCAO residual wavefronts. It enables instrument designers and end-users to quickly judge the impact of design or configuration decisions on the final performance of down-stream instrumentation.

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arXiv2019

High contrast imaging with ELT/METIS: The wind driven halo, from SPHERE to METIS

METIS is one of the three first-light instruments planned for the ELT, mainly dedicated to high contrast imaging in the mid-infrared. On the SPHERE high-contrast instrument currently installed at the VLT, we observe that one of the main contrast limitations is the wind driven halo, due to the limited AO running speed with respect to the atmospheric turbulence temporal evolution. From this observation, we extrapolate this signature to the ELT/METIS instrument, which is equipped with a single conjugated adaptive optics system and with several coronagraphic devices. By making use of an analytic AO simulator, we compare the amount of wind driven halo observed with SPHERE and with METIS, under the same turbulence conditions.

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arXiv2019

Single conjugate adaptive optics for the ELT instrument METIS

The ELT is a 39m large, ground-based optical and near- to mid-infrared telescope under construction in the Chilean Atacama desert. Operation is planned to start around the middle of the next decade. All first light instruments will come with wavefront sensing devices that allow control of the ELT's intrinsic M4 and M5 wavefront correction units, thus building an adaptive optics (AO) system. To take advantage of the ELT's optical performance, full diffraction-limited operation is required and only a high performance AO system can deliver this. Further technically challenging requirements for the AO come from the exoplanet research field, where the task to resolve the very small angular separations between host star and planet, has also to take into account the high-contrast ratio between the two objects. We present in detail the results of our simulations and their impact on high-contrast imaging in order to find the optimal wavefront sensing device for the METIS instrument. METIS is the mid-infrared imager and spectrograph for the ELT with specialised high-contrast, coronagraphic imaging capabilities, whose performance strongly depends on the AO residual wavefront errors. We examined the sky and target sample coverage of a generic wavefront sensor in two spectral regimes, visible and near-infrared, to pre-select the spectral range for the more detailed wavefront sensor type analysis. We find that the near-infrared regime is the most suitable for METIS. We then analysed the performance of Shack-Hartmann and pyramid wavefront sensors under realistic conditions at the ELT, did a balancing with our scientific requirements, and concluded that a pyramid wavefront sensor is the best choice for METIS. For this choice we additionally examined the impact of non-common path aberrations, of vibrations, and the long-term stability of the SCAO system including high-contrast imaging performance.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2018

The calibration procedure of the LINC-NIRVANA ground and high layer WFS

LINC--NIRVANA (LN) is an MCAO module currently mounted on the Rear Bent Gregorian focus of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). It mounts a camera originally designed to realize the interferometric imaging focal station of the telescopes. LN follows the LBT binocular strategy having two twin channels: a double Layer Oriented Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics system assisting the two arms, supplies high order wave-front correction. In order to counterbalance the field rotation, a mechanical derotation is applied for the two ground wave-front sensors, and an optical (K-mirror) one for the two high layers sensors, fixing the positions of the focal planes with respect to the pyramids aboard the wavefront sensors. The derotation introduces a pupil images rotation on the wavefront sensors, changing the projection of the deformable mirrors on the sensor consequently.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2014

Pathfinder first light: alignment, calibration, and commissioning of the LINC-NIRVANA ground-layer adaptive optics subsystem

We present descriptions of the alignment and calibration tests of the Pathfinder, which achieved first light during our 2013 commissioning campaign at the LBT. The full LINC-NIRVANA instrument is a Fizeau interferometric imager with fringe tracking and 2-layer natural guide star multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) systems on each eye of the LBT. The MCAO correction for each side is achieved using a ground layer wavefront sensor that drives the LBT adaptive secondary mirror and a mid-high layer wavefront sensor that drives a Xinetics 349 actuator DM conjugated to an altitude of 7.1 km. When the LINC-NIRVANA MCAO system is commissioned, it will be one of only two such systems on an 8-meter telescope and the only such system in the northern hemisphere. In order to mitigate risk, we take a modular approach to commissioning by decoupling and testing the LINC-NIRVANA subsystems individually. The Pathfinder is the ground-layer wavefront sensor for the DX eye of the LBT. It uses 12 pyramid wavefront sensors to optically co-add light from natural guide stars in order to make four pupil images that sense ground layer turbulence. Pathfinder is now the first LINC-NIRVANA subsystem to be fully integrated with the telescope and commissioned on sky. Our 2013 commissioning campaign consisted of 7 runs at the LBT with the tasks of assembly, integration and communication with the LBT telescope control system, alignment to the telescope optical axis, off-sky closed loop AO calibration, and finally closed loop on-sky AO. We present the programmatics of this campaign, along with the novel designs of our alignment scheme and our off-sky calibration test, which lead to the Pathfinder's first on-sky closed loop images.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2014

Laboratory Results and Status Update for Pathfinder at LBT, The LINC-NIRVANA NGS Ground- Layer AO Subsystem

The full LINC-NIRVANA instrument will be one of the most complex ground-based astronomical systems ever built. It will consist of multiple subsystems, including two multi-conjugate ground layer AO systems (MCAO) that drive the LBT adaptive secondaries, two mid-high layer AO systems with their own Xynetics 349 actuator DM's , a fringe tracker, a beam combiner, and the NIR science camera. In order to mitigate risk, we take a modular approach to instrument testing and commissioning by decoupling these subsystems individually. The first subsystem tested on-sky will be one of the ground-layer AO systems, part of a test-bed known as the Pathfinder. The Pathfinder consists of a 12-star pyramid wavefront sensor (PWFS) that drives one of the LBT's adaptive secondaries, a support structure known as "The Foot," and the infrared test camera (IRTC), which is used for acquisition and alignment. The 12 natural guide stars are acquired by moveable arms called "star enlargers," each of which contains its own optical path. The Pathfinder was shipped from MPIA in Heidelberg, Germany to the LBT mountain lab on Mt. Graham, Arizona in February 2013. The system was unpacked, assembled in the LBT clean room, and internally optically aligned. We present the results of our system tests, including star enlarger alignment and system alignment. We also present our immediate plans for on-sky closed loop tests on the LBT scheduled for late Fall. Because plans for all ELTs call for ground layer correction, the Pathfinder provides valuable preliminary information not only for the full LINC-NIRVANA system, but also for future advanced MCAO systems.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2010

Numerical control matrix rotation for the LINC-NIRVANA Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics system

LINC-NIRVANA will realize the interferometric imaging focal station of the Large Binocular Telescope. A double Layer Oriented multi-conjugate adaptive optics system assists the two arms of the interferometer, supplying high order wave-front correction. In order to counterbalance the field rotation, mechanical derotation for the two ground wave-front sensors, and optical derotators for the mid-high layers sensors fix the positions of the focal planes with respect to the pyramids aboard the wave-front sensors. The derotation introduces pupil images rotation on the wavefront sensors: the projection of the deformable mirrors on the sensor consequently change. The proper adjustment of the control matrix will be applied in real-time through numerical computation of the new matrix. In this paper we investigate the temporal and computational aspects related to the pupils rotation, explicitly computing the wave-front errors that may be generated.

astro-ph.IM↗