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Thomas E. Harrison

Publications and source records attributed to Thomas E. Harrison.

47 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

Phase-Resolved Infrared H- and K-band Spectroscopy of EF Eridani

We present new phase-resolved H and K-band spectroscopy of the ultra-short period magnetic cataclysmic variable EF Eri in its current, prolonged ``low'' state obtained using NIRI on Gemini-North, and NIRSPEC on Keck II. These new data show that the H-band spectrum of EF Eri appears to be dominated by cyclotron emission during the entire orbital cycle. The {\it K}-band spectrum of EF Eri is likewise dominated by cyclotron emission during most of an orbital period, but near binary phase 0.0, the secondary star spectrum may be visible. We conclude that strong, and highly variable cyclotron emission is responsible for the photometric variation previously reported for EF Eri. The nature of this cyclotron emission is complex: the H-band spectra show that the dominant cyclotron harmonic at phase 0.5 peaks at 1.65 $μ$m, but at phase 0.0, the harmonic peaks near 1.72 $μ$m. At phase 0.5, there is another cyclotron feature present that peaks in between the H and K bands (near 1.93 $μ$m), but at phase 0.0, no such feature is present. These data suggest that cyclotron emission from both poles is occurring.

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Detection of a NEPTUNE-mass planet in the $ρ^{1}$ Cancri system using the Hobby-Eberly Telescope

We report the detection of the lowest mass extra-solar planet yet found around a Sun-like star - a planet with an \msini of only 14.21 $\pm$ 2.91 Earth masses in an extremely short period orbit (P=2.808 days) around $ρ^{1}$ Cancri, a planetary system which already has three known planets. Velocities taken from late 2003-2004 at McDonald Observatory with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) revealed this inner planet at 0.04 AU. We estimate an inclination of the outer planet $ρ^{1}$ Cancri d, based upon {\it Hubble Space Telescope} Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) measurements. This inclination suggests an inner planet of only 17.7 $\pm$ 5.57 Earth masses, if coplanarity is assumed for the system.

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The Detection of 13CO and Other Apparent Abundance Anomalies in the Secondary Stars of Long-Period Cataclysmic Variables

We present moderate resolution (R > 1,800) infrared K-band spectra of twelve long-period (Porb > 6 hr) cataclysmic variables. We detect absorption lines from the photospheres of the secondary stars in every system, even though two of the m were undergoing outubrsts. We have attempted to assign spectral types to each of the secondary stars, and these classifications are generally consistent with previous determinations/estimates. We find evidence for abundance anomalies that include enhancements and/or deficits for all of the species commonly found in the K-band spectra of G- and K-type dwarfs. There is, however, only one common abundance anomaly: extremely weak CO features. Only two of the twelve objects appeared to have normal levels of CO absorption. We interpret this as evidence for low carbon abundances. In addition, we detect 13CO absorption in four of the twelve objects. Depleted levels of 12C and enhanced levels of 13C indicate that material that has been processed in the CNO cycle is finding its way into the photospheres of CV secondary stars. In systems with luminous accretion disks, we find that the spectrum of the secondary star is contaminated by a source that flattens (reddens) the continuum. While free-free or classical accretion disk spectra are flatter than the blackbody-like spectra of G and K dwarfs, removal of such contamination from the K-band data results in spectra in which the absorption features become too strong to be consistent with those of G and K dwarfs.

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Keck IR Spectroscopy of WZ Sge: Detection of Molecular Emission from the Accretion Disk

Time-resolved IR spectroscopy of WZ Sge was obtained using NIRSPEC on Keck II. We detect CO and H$_{\rm 2}$ emission from the accretion disk placing WZ Sge into a rarefied class of astronomical objects including YSOs and high luminosity early-type stars. During the eclipse phase, the molecular emission greatly weakens but no firm evidence for the secondary star is seen allowing new limits on its luminosity to be determined. The detection of molecular emission provides physical properties within the outer disk of T=3000K and N$_H$$>10^{10}$ cm$^{-3}$. Such a cool, dense region, not associated with areas of H I and He I emission, provides the first observational confirmation of predictions made by accretion disk models.

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GRO J0422+32: The Lowest Mass Black Hole?

We have obtained optical and infrared photometry of the soft X-ray transient GRO J0422+32. From this photometry, we find a secondary star spectral type of M1, and an extinction of Av = 0.74 +/- 0.09. We present the first observed infrared (J-, H-, and K-band) ellipsoidal variations, and model them with WD98, a recent version of the Wilson-Devinney light curve modeling code. Assuming no significant contamination of the infrared light curves, we find a lower limit to the inclination angle of 43 degrees corresponding to an upper limit on the mass of the compact object of 4.92 M_sun. Combining the models with the observed spectral energy distribution of the system, the most likely value for the orbital inclination angle is 45 +/- 2 degrees. This inclination angle corresponds to a primary black hole mass of 3.97 +/- 0.95 M_sun. Thus we contend that J0422+32 contains the lowest mass stellar black hole reported, and the first to have a measured mass that falls in the 3 - 5 M_sun range.

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The origin of cyclic period changes in close binaries: the case of the Algol binary WW Cygni

Years to decade-long cyclic orbital period changes have been observed in several classes of close binary systems including Algols, W Ursae Majoris and RS Canum Venaticorum systems, and the cataclysmic variables. The origin of these changes is unknown, but mass loss, apsidal motion, magnetic activity, and the presence of a third body have all been proposed. In this paper we use new CCD observations and the century-long historical record of the times of primary eclipse for WW Cygni to explore the cause of these period changes. WW Cygni is an Algol binary whose orbital period undergoes a 56 year cyclic variation with an amplitude of approximately 0.02 days. We consider and reject the hypotheses of mass transfer, mass loss, apsidal motion and the gravitational influence of an unseen companion as the cause for these changes. A model proposed by Applegate, which invokes changes in the gravitational quadrupole moment of the convective and rotating secondary star, is the most likely explanation of this star's orbital period changes. This finding is based on an examination of WW Cygni's residual O-C curve and an analysis of the period changes seen in 66 other Algols. Variations in the gravitational quadrupole moment are also considered to be the most likely explanation for the cyclic period changes observed in several different types of binary systems.

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A Multi-Wavelength, Multi-Epoch Study of the Soft X-Ray Transient Prototype, V616 Mon (A0620-00)

We have obtained optical and infrared photometry of the soft x-ray transient prototype V616 Mon (A0620-00). From this photometry, we find a spectral type of K4 for the secondary star in the system, which is consistent with spectroscopic observations. We present J-, H-, and K-band light curves modeled with WD98 and ELC. Combining detailed, independently run models for ellipsoidal variations due to a spotted, non-spherical secondary star, and the observed ultraviolet to infrared spectral energy distribution of the system, we show that the most likely value for the orbital inclination is 40.75 +/- 3 deg. This inclination angle implies a primary black hole mass of 11.0 +/- 1.9 solar masses.

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Infrared Observations of Nova Muscae 1991: Black Hole Mass Determination from Ellipsoidal Variations

We have obtained infrared photometry for the soft x-ray transient GU Mus. We present J and K_s band light curves modeled with WD98, the newest version of the Wilson-Devinney light curve modeling code. Using detailed models for the expected ellipsoidal variations due to the non-spherical secondary star, we show that the most likely value for the orbital inclination is 54 +/-1.5 deg. This inclination angle is consistent with those previously published, but has a much smaller error. This inclination implies a primary black hole mass of 6.95 +/-0.6 M_sun. While we do not see any evidence for contamination of our infrared light curves from other sources in the system, a conservative model with a contamination level of 15% increases the uncertainty in the inclination angle to 54 +4/-1.5 deg.

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Infrared Observations of AR Ursae Majoris: Modeling the Ellipsoidal Variations

We have obtained time-series infrared photometry for the highly magnetic cataclysmic variable AR UMa. Our J and K' band observations occurred during a low state and they show a distinctive double-humped structure. Using detailed models for the expected ellipsoidal variations in the infrared due to the non-spherical secondary star, we find that the most likely value for the system inclination is 70 degrees. We also model low state V band photometry and find that its observed double-humped structure is not caused by ellipsoidal variations, as they have been ascribed to, but are due to beamed cyclotron radiation. We use this result to estimate the magnetic field strength of the active southern accretion region (B <= 190 MG) and its magnetic longitude (330 degrees).

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Measuring the Mass of the Black Hole in GS2000+25 Using IR Ellipsoidal Variations

Soft X-ray Transients (SXTs) are binary systems that are believed to consist of a black hole and a normal late type dwarf star which fills its Roche Lobe. We have used GRIM II on the ARC 3.5 meter telescope at Apache Point Observatory to obtain infrared photometry of GS2000+25 (QZ Vul). By modeling the SXT ellipsoidal variations with WD98, we can determine the orbital period and inclination of the system. The inclination for a best fit circular orbit is 75 degrees, and when combined with the observed mass function, corresponds to a primary mass of 6.55 solar masses. More data is needed to better define the minima, fill in the small gaps in the light curve, and explore the possibility of an eccentric orbit.

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HST Fine Guidance Sensor Astrometric Parallaxes for Three Dwarf Novae: SS Aurigae, SS Cygni, and U Geminorum

We report astrometric parallaxes for three well known dwarf novae obtained using the Fine Guidance Sensors on the Hubble Space Telescope. We found a parallax for SS Aurigae of Pi = 5.00 +/- 0.64 mas, for SS Cygni we found Pi = 6.02 +/- 0.46 mas, and for U Geminorum we obtained Pi = 10.37 +/- 0.50 mas. These represent the first true trigonometric parallaxes of any dwarf novae. We briefly compare these results with previous distance estimates. This program demonstrates that with a very modest amount of HST observing time, the Fine Guidance Sensors can deliver parallaxes of unrivaled precision.

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