arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Thomas Hales.
Among three-dimensional parallelohedra of fixed volume, the Archimedean truncated octahedron uniquely minimizes surface area, affirming a conjecture of K. Bezdek from 2006. The final scalar inequality is verified by an exact computer-assisted certificate.
We give a correspondence between simple matroids and a reconstruction of Alfred North Whitehead's theory of dimension, as developed in "On Mathematical Concepts of the Material World" (1906). In brief, if a geometrical system in the generalized sense of Whitehead has finite ground set and is phi-maximal, then it is a simple matroid. Here "generalized" means that Whitehead's three-dimensional axiom is replaced by finite-dimensionality. Conversely, every simple matroid is a phi-maximal geometrical system in the generalized sense of Whitehead.
This book uses optimal control theory to prove that the most unpackable centrally symmetric convex disk in the plane is a smoothed polygon. A smoothed polygon is a polygon whose corners have been rounded in a special way by arcs of hyperbolas. To be highly unpackable means that even densest packing of that disk has low density. Motivated by Minkowski's geometry of numbers, researchers began to search for the most unpackable centrally symmetric convex disk (in brief, the most unpackable disk) starting in the early 1920s. In 1934, Reinhardt conjectured that the most unpackable disk is a smoothed octagon. Working independently of Reinhardt, Mahler attempted without success in 1947 to prove that the most unpackable disk must be a smoothed polygon. This book proves what Mahler set out to prove: Mahler's First conjecture on smoothed polygons. His second conjecture is identical to the Reinhardt conjecture, which remains open. This book explores the many remarkable structures of this packing problem, formulated as a problem in optimal control theory on a Lie group, with connections to hyperbolic geometry and Hamiltonian mechanics. Bang-bang Pontryagin extremals to the optimal control problem are smoothed polygons. Extreme difficulties arise in the proof because of chattering behavior in the optimal control problem, corresponding to possible smoothed polygons with infinitely many sides that need to be ruled out. To analyze and eliminate the possibility of chattering solutions, the book introduces a discrete dynamical system (the Poincare first recurrence map) and gives a full description of its fixed points, stable and unstable manifolds, and basin of attraction on a blowup centered at a singular set. Some proofs in this book are computer-assisted using a computer algebra system.
In 1911, Alfred North Whitehead published a short book "Introduction to Mathematics" (IM) intended for students wanting an explanation of the fundamental ideas of mathematics. Whitehead's IM has enduring value because it was written not long after he and Bertrand Russell published their monumental three-volume work "Principia Mathematica" (PM) -- a publication of immense historical significance for mathematics. IM sheds light on Whitehead's view of mathematics at that time. Whitehead's book places proofs in predicate logic as the mythical starting point of mathematics, although Whitehead himself was slow to understand the significance of symbolic predicate logic.
The Kepler conjecture asserts that no packing of congruent balls in three-dimensional Euclidean space has density greater than that of the face-centered cubic packing. In 1998, Sam Ferguson and I announced a computer-assisted proof of this conjecture. Long delays in the refereeing process sparked a project to give a formal proof of the Kepler conjecture, which was completed in a large collaborative effort in 2014. This article gives a critical reappraisal of that project.
Robert A. Millikan (1868-1953) was the second American to win the Nobel Prize in physics. At the peak of his influence, no scientist save Einstein was more admired by the American public. Millikan, the head of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) during its first 24 years, oversaw its rapid growth into one of the leading scientific institutions of the world. In response to demands for social justice, Caltech reached a decision to strip Millikan of honors (such as the library named after him), following accusations against him. This article analyzes a specific accusation against Millikan that was published in Nature: that he collaborated to deprive Japanese Americans of their rights during their forced relocation to internment camps during the Second World War. An examination of original historical sources will show that this accusation is false. On the contrary, Millikan actively campaigned during the war to promote the rights of Japanese Americans. The article also treats Caltech's central accusation against Millikan: he lent his name to a morally reprehensible eugenics movement that had been scientifically discredited in his time. In a reversal of Caltech's claims, this article shows that all three of Caltech's scientific witnesses against eugenics were actually pro-eugenic to varying degrees. Millikan's beliefs fell within acceptable scientific norms of his day.
This article gives an elementary computational proof of the group law for Edwards elliptic curves. The associative law is expressed as a polynomial identity over the integers that is directly checked by polynomial division. Unlike other proofs, no preliminaries such as intersection numbers, Bezout's theorem, projective geometry, divisors, or Riemann Roch are required. The proof of the group law has been formalized in the Isabelle/HOL proof assistant.
This article gives some memories of Thomas Hales of his years at Princeton as a graduate student under Robert Langlands. It has been prepared for the book "The Genesis of Langlands' Program," edited by Dr. Julia Mueller and Dr. Freydoon Shahidi.
Walter Richard Talbot was the fourth African American to earn a PhD in Mathematics. His doctoral degree is from the University of Pittsburgh in 1934 in geometric group theory. A contemporary research program was the determination of fundamental domains of finite group actions on complex vector spaces. His thesis is not widely available, and this note gives a brief synopsis of the main results of his thesis, expressed using modern mathematical methods and language, and placed in general context.
In 1934, Reinhardt conjectured that the shape of the centrally symmetric convex body in the plane whose densest lattice packing has the smallest density is a smoothed octagon. This conjecture is still open. We formulate the Reinhardt Conjecture as a problem in optimal control theory. The smoothed octagon is a Pontryagin extremal trajectory with bang-bang control. More generally, the smoothed regular $6k+2$-gon is a Pontryagin extremal with bang-bang control. The smoothed octagon is a strict (micro) local minimum to the optimal control problem. The optimal solution to the Reinhardt problem is a trajectory without singular arcs. The extremal trajectories that do not meet the singular locus have bang-bang controls with finitely many switching times. Finally, we reduce the Reinhardt problem to an optimization problem on a five-dimensional manifold. (Each point on the manifold is an initial condition for a potential Pontryagin extremal lifted trajectory.) We suggest that the Reinhardt conjecture might eventually be fully resolved through optimal control theory. Some proofs are computer-assisted using a computer algebra system.
This article gives a proof of the Langlands-Shelstad fundamental lemma for the spherical Hecke algebra for every unramified p-adic reductive group G in large positive characteristic. The proof is based on the transfer principle for constructible motivic integration. To carry this out, we introduce a general family of partition functions attached to the complex L-group of the unramified p-adic group G. Our partition functions specialize to Kostant's q-partition function for complex connected groups and also specialize to the Langlands L-function of a spherical representation. These partition functions are used to extend numerous results that were previously known only when the L-group is connected (that is, when the p-adic group is split). We give explicit formulas for branching rules, the inverse of the weight multiplicity matrix, the Kato-Lusztig formula for the inverse Satake transform, the Plancherel measure, and Macdonald's formula for the spherical Hecke algebra on a non-connected complex group (that is, non-split unramified p-adic group).
This article gives an elementary computational proof of the group law for Edwards elliptic curves following Bernstein, Lange, et al., Edwards, and Friedl. The associative law is expressed as a polynomial identity over the integers that is directly checked by polynomial division. No preliminaries such as intersection numbers, Bézout's theorem, projective geometry, divisors, or Riemann Roch are required. The proofs have been designed to facilitate the formal verification of elliptic curve cryptography.
We show that every packing of congruent regular pentagons in the Euclidean plane has density at most $(5-\sqrt5)/3$, which is about 0.92. More specifically, this article proves the pentagonal ice-ray conjecture of Henley (1986), and Kuperberg and Kuperberg (1990), which asserts that an optimal packing of congruent regular pentagons in the plane is a double lattice, formed by aligned vertical columns of upward pointing pentagons alternating with aligned vertical columns of downward pointing pentagons. The strategy is based on estimates of the areas of Delaunay triangles. Our strategy reduces the pentagonal ice-ray conjecture to area minimization problems that involve at most four Delaunay triangles. These minimization problems are solved by computer. The computer-assisted portions of the proof use techniques such as interval arithmetic, automatic differentiation, and a meet-in-the-middle algorithm.
This article constructs Shalika germs in the context of motivic integration, both for ordinary orbital integrals and kappa-orbital integrals. Based on transfer principles in motivic integration and on Waldspurger's endoscopic transfer of smooth functions in characteristic zero, we deduce the endoscopic transfer of smooth functions in sufficiently large residual characteristic.
This article describes a formal proof of the Kepler conjecture on dense sphere packings in a combination of the HOL Light and Isabelle proof assistants. This paper constitutes the official published account of the now completed Flyspeck project.
The article gives a survey of mathematical proofs that rely on computer calculations and formal proofs.