Low-altitude aircraft will reshape noise exposure across global cities
Just as motorisation made road traffic a defining noise source of the twentieth-century city, low-altitude aircraft may reshape urban acoustic exposure in the twenty-first. Yet how this noise interacts with existing sound environments and three-dimensional urban form across global cities remains unclear. We modelled identical low-altitude aircraft operations across ten urban districts spanning all inhabited continents. Horizontal exposure varied markedly across and within cities, depending on road noise conditions and urban morphology, which also strongly influenced overall attenuation. Some semi-enclosed spaces with low noise levels before low-altitude aircraft operations experienced increases above 20 dB(A), creating pronounced local contrasts in urban noise exposure. Vertically, exposure varied with height and acoustic visibility to the flight route, creating vertical exposure inequalities between storeys, façades and buildings at comparable heights. These findings show that low-altitude aircraft can reshape noise exposure across global cities, requiring route assessment to distinguish newly exposed from already exposed areas and to account for three-dimensional exposure.