Computationally guided modifications of CviUPO to improve catalytic activity
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) are promising biocatalysts that selectively oxyfunctionalize saturated hydrocarbons using only hydrogen peroxide as a co-substrate. Peroxide-induced enzyme inactivation makes targeted enzyme engineering essential to mitigate this effect and also enhance catalytic performance. To meet this need, systematic approaches are used, including extensive database studies for rational enzyme design, as well as computational enzyme engineering. In this study, we followed the latter strategy and explored the possibility for computationally-guided modification of UPOs. Specifically, our focus was on uncovering the influence of active site amino acids on the catalytic activity of the enzyme CviUPO. Two mutations were introduced close to the active center, and the changes in the energy barriers leading to the activated complex were investigated in detail by Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Nudged Elastic Band simulations. Our studies revealed that a change of the glutamic acid, assisting the catalytic cycle, by the shorter aspartic acid, leads to an increased reaction barrier, probably decreasing the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Exchanging the heme-anchoring cysteine group by a histidine exhibited promising behavior as the energy barriers decreased significantly. However, it is possible that the histidine modification also alters the reaction behavior of the peroxygenase, turning it into a peroxidase, an aspect that so far could not be confirmed beyond doubt. Simulations alone cannot conclusively determine whether substrate specificity and reactivity are maintained in the modifications tested. Nevertheless, our results highlight the importance of spin states and active pocket hydration for the catalytic reaction and demonstrate why a synergistic approach of theoretical predictions and experimental verifications is required for efficient enzyme engineering.