arXiv subjects

Tom Gehrels

Publications and source records attributed to Tom Gehrels.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2011

The physics and identity of dark matter

This paper follows "The physics and identity of Dark Energy", which is the acceleration energy of old photons. The present paper considers everything else in the decay of our universe; it is an ensemble called "old protons, etc."; the ensemble will be listed. The accelerated expansion of our universe brings the decay debris into the inter-universal medium (IUM) of the multiverse, where it is conserved during long times. Debris clouds eventually accrete from the IUM and grow into proto-universes. The protons, etc. are involved as much as are the photons; they are the receivers of the kinetic energy of photon acceleration. Dark matter is therefore the matter of "old protons,etc." mentioned before.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

The physics and identity of dark energy

This paper may solve the dark-energy problem because our universe is not alone, and the multiverse is a powerful part of the cosmos. The decay of our aging universe is reviewed first. The accelerated expansion takes the decay debris into the inter-universal medium (IUM) of the multiverse for conservation. A prominent component of the debris and of the IUM is the enormous number of old cold photons from decaying universes. When a small central volume (apparently 6.4 percent of the total mass) of our proto-universe reached proton density, the old photons and protons became fully re-energized. Outside of that volume, the large numbers of remaining old photons continued their acceleration and the expansion of our universe. The accretion and expansion are described a second time with what we know of dark energy, particularly its acceleration of the expansion of our universe. Identical results are obtained; in fact, the two descriptions are complementary, and the conclusion is therefore made that dark energy is the acceleration energy of old photons. The model is supported by 30 observations and considerations for future work.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

The Cosmological Foundation of Our World, seen in a Revised History of our Universe

This paper has two parts, for a specific multiverse, and for the origin of our universe as it resulted from that multiverse. The first is based on the Planck domain and a Chandrasekhar equation that have quantum, relativity, gravity, and atomic physics in unified operation. The multiverse is an evolutionary system whereby universes survive only when they have those physics, and near-critical mass such that they do not collapse, nor expand too fast. The second part is based on 15 sets of observations of nucleosynthesis and particle properties, aging and demise for our universe, as well as of its early stages. The multiverse is supplied by debris from the aging universes, arriving on the accelerated expansion of intergalactic space. New universes accrete from the debris, which is re-energized and re-constituted gravitationally. In the process, the basic particle properties appear to have been preserved such that our universe originated much later, than it would have done in a Big Bang. The limit of Schwarzschild provides a confirmation, and information on dark energy.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

The Multiverse Origin of our Physics does without Strings, Big Bang, Inflation, or Parallel Universes

Evolution needs long times and large numbers of samples or species. Our finely tuned physics can therefore not have evolved during the fast changes of a single Big-Bang universe, but the cosmological scales for time and for the number of universes in the multiverse satisfy that condition. Planck and Chandrasekhar equations show that multiverse. A variety of observations show the origin of our physics. The multiverse is being fed by the debris of its decaying universes, which is transported on the accelerated expansion. New universes originate from clouds of that debris, which is re-energized by the gravity at the center of the cloud when the proton density is reached. That epoch occurs much later than a Big Bang. It marks the beginning of our universe with a photon burst, which may have been observed by spacecraft as the radiation signature with a wider curvature than that of the cosmic background radiation. A test for black holes, published by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, also confirms that beginning.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2007

The multiverse and the origin of our universe

The multiverse is a hierarchy in the number of universes, increasing stepwise towards infinity. It is an evolutionary system, in which universes survive only near critical mass. That mass is actually a factor of 1.94 less than the critical mass, and this is found to be consistent with the baryon density inferred from nucleosynthesis in our universe; it is also precisely verified as a cosmological effect. That factor seems to have originated in the multiverse for causing intersecting expansions of its universes, such that mixing occurs of debris from aging galaxies (over proton-decaying time scales). It follows that there is an inter-universal medium (IUM), probably having the demand of new universes in balance with the supply of dark radiation and sub-atomic particles from the decaying galaxies. The mixing causes the universes to have the same quantum, relativity, gravity, and particle physics as our universe. The making of a universe from the radiation and sub-atomic particles occurs through re-vitalizing the protons, and other particles as well, by gravitational energy obtained in accretion of the IUM. This process therefore begins wherever the IUM space density reaches proton density, near 10 E18 kg m E-3. The process continues quietly as the sweeping-up and gravitational accretion proceeds, until the near-critical mass is reached. Some of the IUM debris must also be pervading our present universe, steadily or in partially accreted lumps. The model therefore predicts that the IUM sub-atomic particles appear as our dark matter, and its radiation component as our dark energy, both near 0 K temperatures. The dark energy may cause expansion phenomena, in addition to the above non-flatness expansion, from an accretion lump that arrived at our universe at age near 9 x 10 E9 y.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

Universes seen by a Chandrasekhar equation in stellar physics

While we know that quantum, relativity and gravity physics control much of Nature, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar derived an equation showing that for the structure, composition, and source of energy of stars. This paper extends its application to universes. A model is derived of these physics indicating that a primordial mass of our universe is finite, at 1.13179 x 10E+78 proton masses. This seems confirmed by two sets of data, from the WMAP spacecraft and other observatories. The model is confirmed more in detail by a determination of the proton radius, at 8.2 (+/-0.2) x 10E-16 m, with a precise theoretical value. This is the equivalent radius for a sphere, while the actual shape of the proton may be ellipsoidal. Together with theories of inflation, the model predicts the existence of a space-time background that is spawning new universes. They all have the same physics and near-critical mass. The multiverse is a hierarchy of increasing numbers of universes. The paper ends with a set of predictions in terms of suggestions for future work

astro-ph↗