arXiv subjects

Tomislav Maric

Publications and source records attributed to Tomislav Maric.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Non-intrusive MEMS microphone sensing of acoustic field state in resonant acoustic levitators

Reliable operation of resonant acoustic levitators requires knowledge of the acoustic field state because the optimum transducer-reflector distance and resonant operating condition shift with wavelength, temperature, object insertion, and mechanical alignment. Existing adjustment methods are limited, especially for compact closed-loop operation and architectures without a passive reflector. Here, we investigate transducer-mounted microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphones as off-axis external sensors that acquire relative acoustic signals without placing sensors inside the levitation cavity. Using a linear microphone configuration, we performed transducer-reflector distance sweeps over resonance modes n = 5-8 and compared microphone amplitude with acoustic radiation force measured by a precision balance and with peak-to-peak transducer current. The channel-mean microphone-voltage maxima occurred within two sampled distance increments, or at most 30 micrometers, of the force maxima. At the microphone-derived peak positions, at least 98.3% of the corresponding maximum force was retained. Microphone amplitude localized the force maximum more sharply than peak-to-peak transducer current. In one frequency-shift experiment, microphone phase provided a proof of principle for correction-direction estimation, while envelope modulation captured channel-resolved field changes during object oscillation. Ring measurements showed channel-dependent responses as transducer-reflector tilt was varied, but did not provide a calibrated or unique tilt estimate. These results show the potential of external MEMS microphones as relative acoustic observables for resonance-related field-state assessment and provide a basis for compact transducer-side feedback. The principle may also be transferable to transducer-transducer and array-based architectures.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2024

The initial acceleration of a buoyant spherical bubble revisited

An analytical derivation of the buoyancy-induced initial acceleration of a spherical gas bubble in a host liquid is presented. The theory makes no assumptions further than applying the two-phase incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, showing that neither the classical approach using potential theory nor other simplifying assumptions are needed. The result for the initial bubble acceleration as a function of the gas and liquid densities, classically built on potential theory, is retained. The result is reproduced by detailed numerical simulations. The accelerated, although stagnant state of the bubble induces a pressure distribution on the bubble surface which is different from the result related to the Archimedean principle, emphasizing the importance of the non-equilibrium state for the force acting on the bubble.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2024

Fluid wetting and penetration characteristics in T-shaped microchannels

A thorough understanding of media tightness in automotive electronics is crucial for ensuring more reliable and compact product designs, ultimately improving product quality. Concerning the fundamental characteristics of fluid leakage issues, the dynamic wetting and penetration behavior on small scales is of special interest and importance. In this work, four T-shaped microchannels with one inlet and two outlets are experimentally investigated in terms of contact angle dynamics and interface movement over time, generating novel insight into the wetting mechanisms and fluid distribution. With a main channel width of 1 mm, a crevice width of w = 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm and a rounding edge radius of r = 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, the geometrical effects on the fluid penetration depth in the crevice and the interface edge pinning effect are analyzed quantitatively using an automated image processing procedure. It is found that the measured dynamic contact angles in all parts can be well described by molecular kinetic theory using local contact line velocities, even with local surface effects and abrupt geometry changes. Moreover, a smaller crevice width, a sharper edge and a larger flow velocity tend to enhance the interface pinning effect and prevent fluid penetration into the crevice. The rounding radius has a more significant effect on the interface pinning compared with crevice width. The experimental data and image processing algorithm are made publicly available.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2024

Experimental and Numerical Study of Microcavity Filling Regimes for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications

The efficient and voidless filling of microcavities is of great importance for Lab-on-a-Chip applications. However, predicting whether microcavities will be filled or not under different circumstances is still difficult due to the local flow effects dominated by surface tension. In this work, a close-up study of the microcavity filling process is presented, shedding light on the mechanisms of the filling process using experimental insights accompanied by 3D numerical simulations. The movement of a fluid interface over a microcavity array is investigated optically under consideration of different fluids, capillary numbers, and cavity depths, revealing a regime map of different filling states. Moreover, the transient interface progression over the cavities is analyzed with attention to small-scale effects such as pinning. Besides the visual analysis of the image series, quantitative data of the dynamic contact angle and the interface progression is derived using an automated evaluation workflow. In addition to the experiments, 3D Volume-of-Fluid simulations are employed to further investigate the interface shape. It is shown that the simulations can not only predict the filling states in most cases, but also the transient movement and shape of the interface. The data and code associated with this work are publicly available at Bosch Research GitHub and at the TUDatalib data repository.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2024

Experimental study of dynamic wetting behavior through curved microchannels with automated image analysis

Preventing fluid penetration poses a challenging reliability concern in the context of power electronics, which is usually caused by unforeseen microfractures along the sealing joints. A better and more reliable product design heavily depends on the understanding of the dynamic wetting processes happening inside these complex microfractures, i.e. microchannels. A novel automated image processing procedure is proposed in this work for analyzing the moving interface and the dynamic contact angle in microchannels. In particular, the developed method is advantageous for experiments involving non-transparent samples, where extracting the fluid interface geometry poses a significant challenge. The developed method is validated with theoretical values and manual measurements and exhibits high accuracy. The implementation is made publicly available. The developed method is validated and applied to experimental investigations of forced wetting with two working fluids (water and 50 wt% glycerin/water mixture) in four distinct microchannels characterized by different dimensions and curvature. The comparison between the experimental results and molecular kinetic theory (MKT) reveals that the dynamic wetting behavior can be described well by MKT, even in highly curved microchannels. The dynamic wetting behavior shows a strong dependency on the channel geometry and curvature.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2024

Combining Machine Learning with Computational Fluid Dynamics using OpenFOAM and SmartSim

Combining machine learning (ML) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) opens many possibilities for improving simulations of technical and natural systems. However, CFD+ML algorithms require exchange of data, synchronization, and calculation on heterogeneous hardware, making their implementation for large-scale problems exceptionally challenging. We provide an effective and scalable solution to developing CFD+ML algorithms using open source software OpenFOAM and SmartSim. SmartSim provides an Orchestrator that significantly simplifies the programming of CFD+ML algorithms and a Redis database that ensures highly scalable data exchange between ML and CFD clients. We show how to leverage SmartSim to effectively couple different segments of OpenFOAM with ML, including pre/post-processing applications, solvers, function objects, and mesh motion solvers. We additionally provide an OpenFOAM sub-module with examples that can be used as starting points for real-world applications in CFD+ML.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2024

A residual-based non-orthogonality correction for force-balanced unstructured Volume-of-Fluid methods

Non-orthogonality errors in unstructured Finite Volume methods for simulating incompressible two-phase flows may break the force-balanced discretization. We show that applying the same explicit non-orthogonality correction for all gradient terms in the context of segregated solution algorithms is not sufficient to achieve force balance. To ensure force balance, we introduce a straightforward and deterministic residual-based control of the non-orthogonality correction, which removes the number of non-orthogonality corrections as a free parameter from the simulation. Our method is directly applicable to different unstructured finite-volume two-phase flow simulation methods as long as they discretize the one-field formulation of incompressible two-phase Navier-Stokes equations. We demonstrate force balance for the surface tension force and the gravity force near linear solver tolerance for an algebraic and a geometric Volume-of-Fluid method using the stationary droplet and stationary water column verification cases on polyhedral unstructured meshes with varying levels of non-orthogonality.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2023

Inconsistencies in Unstructured Geometric Volume-of-Fluid Methods for Two-Phase Flows with High Density Ratios

Geometric flux-based Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) methods are widely considered consistent in handling two-phase flows with high density ratios. However, although the conservation of mass and momentum is consistent for two-phase incompressible single-field Navier-Stokes equations without phase-change, discretization may easily introduce small inconsistencies that result in very large errors or catastrophic failure. We apply the consistency conditions derived for the unstructured Level Set / Front Tracking method to flux-based geometric VOF methods, and implement our discretization into the plicRDF-isoAdvector geometrical VOF method. We find that computing the mass flux by scaling the geometrically computed fluxed phase-specific volume destroys the equivalence between the scaled volume fraction equation and the mass conservation equation, depending on the choice for the temporal and convective term discretization schemes. We propose two solutions. First, based on the analysis of discretization errors, we suggest a consistent combination of the temporal discretization scheme and the interpolation scheme for the momentum convection term. Second, similar to our previous work on the unstructured Level Set / Front Tracking method, we solve an auxiliary mass conservation equation with a geometrical calculation of the face-centered density. We prove the equivalence between these two approaches mathematically and verify and validate their numerical stability for density ratios in the range $[1,10^6]$ and viscosity ratios in the range $[10^2,10^5]$.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2023

Bridging the scales in capillary rise dynamics with complexity-reduced models

Dynamic wetting processes inherently manifest as multiscale phenomena. While the capillary length is typically millimeters, solid-liquid interactions occur at the nanometer scale. These short-range interactions significantly affect macroscopic behaviors like droplet spreading and menisci dynamics. The Navier slip length, determined by liquid viscosity and solid-liquid friction, plays a crucial role in three-phase contact line dynamics. It varies from nanometers (hydrophilic) to microns (hydrophobic). However, resolving it in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be computationally expensive. In this study, we propose simplified ordinary differential equation (ODE) models, leveraging local dissipation rates from Stokes flow solutions near the moving contact line, to bridge the nanoscale physics and macroscopic dynamics. Our ODE model accurately predicts the impact of the slip parameter in fully resolved CFD simulations, focusing on capillary rise dynamics.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

An unstructured geometrical un-split VOF method for viscoelastic two-phase flows

Since viscoelastic two-phase flows arise in various industrial and natural processes, developing accurate and efficient software for their detailed numerical simulation is a highly relevant and challenging research task. We present a geometrical unstructured Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method for handling two-phase flows with viscoelastic liquid phase, where the latter is modeled via generic rate-type constitutive equations and a one-field description is derived by conditional volume averaging of the local instantaneous bulk equations and interface jump conditions. The method builds on the plicRDF-isoAdvector geometrical VOF solver that is extended and combined with the modular framework DeboRheo for viscoelastic computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A piecewise-linear geometrical interface reconstruction technique on general unstructured meshes is employed for discretizing the viscoelastic stresses across the fluid interface. DeboRheo facilitates a flexible combination of different rheological models with appropriate stabilization methods to address the high Weissenberg number problem.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

Analytical and numerical validation of a plate-plate tribometer for measuring wall slip

We model the Darmstadt Slip Length Tribometer (DSLT), specially designed to measure viscosity and slip length simultaneously for lubrication gaps in the range of approximately 10 micrometres at relevant temperatures and surface roughness. We investigate the inlet effect of the flow on the results by varying the inner radius of the fluid inlet pipe. The outcomes of numerical simulations suggest that variations in the diameter of this inner radius have minimal impact on the results. Specifically, any alterations in the velocity profile near the inlet, brought about by changes in the diameter, quickly revert to the profile predicted by the analytical model. The main conclusion drawn from this study is the validation of the Navier-Slip boundary condition as an effective model for technical surface roughness in CFD simulations and the negligible influence of the inlet effect on the fluid dynamics between the tribometer's plates.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

Stabilizing the unstructured Volume-of-Fluid method for capillary flows in microstructures using artificial viscosity

Parasitic currents still pose a significant challenge for the investigation of two-phase flow in Lab-on-Chip (LoC) applications with Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) simulations. To counter the impact of such spurious velocity fields in the vicinity of the fluid interface, this work presents an implementation of an artificial interface viscosity model in OpenFOAM. The model is introduced as an additional dampening term in the momentum conservation equation. It is implemented as a fvOption, allowing for its simple application to existing VoF solvers. Validation is performed with hydrodynamic and wetting cases, in which constant artificial viscosity values are prescribed to examine the sensitivity of the solution to the artificial dampening. The artificial viscosity model shows promising results in reducing spurious currents for two considered geometrical VoF solvers, namely interIsoFoam and InterFlow. It is found that the influence of the artificial viscosity heavily depends on the fluid properties. Applying the model to simulations of an interface traversing through microcavities relevant in LoC applications, experimental results of the interface progression are predicted well, while spurious currents are effectively reduced by approximately one order of magnitude due to the artificial viscosity model. The code is publicly available on GitHub (https://github.com/boschresearch/sepMultiphaseFoam/tree/publications/ArtificialInterfaceViscosity).

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2023

Numerical wetting benchmarks -- advancing the plicRDF-isoAdvector unstructured Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method

The numerical simulation of wetting and dewetting of geometrically complex surfaces benefits from unstructured numerical methods because they discretize the domain with second-order accuracy. A recently developed unstructured geometric Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method, the plicRDF-isoAdvector method, is chosen to investigate wetting processes because of its volume conservation property and high computational efficiency. The present work verifies and validates the plicRDF-isoAdvector method for wetting problems. We present four verification studies. The first study investigates the accuracy of the interface advection near walls. The method is further investigated for the spreading of droplets on a flat and a spherical surface, respectively, for which excellent agreement with the reference solutions is obtained. Furthermore, a 2D capillary rise is considered, and a benchmark comparison based on results from previous work is performed. The benchmark suite, input data, and Jupyter Notebooks used in this study are publicly available to facilitate further research and comparison with other numerical codes.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2022

A benchmark for surface-tension-driven incompressible two-phase flows

The Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) method for simulating incompressible two-phase flows is widespread in academic and commercial simulation software because of its many advantages: a high degree of volume conservation, applicability to unstructured domain discretization (relevant for engineering applications), straightforward parallel implementation with the domain-decomposition and message-passing approach (important for large-scale simulations), and intrinsic handling of strong deformations and topological changes of the fluid interface. However, stable and accurate handling of small-scale capillary flows (dominated by surface tension forces) is still challenging for VoF methods. With many different VoF methods making their way into commercial and open-source software, it becomes increasingly important to compare them quantitatively and directly. For this purpose, we propose a set of simulation benchmarks and use them to directly compare VoF methods available in OpenFOAM, Basilisk, and Ansys Fluent. We use Jupyter notebooks to document and process the benchmark results, making a direct comparison of our results with other two-phase simulation methods very straightforward. The publicly available input data, secondary benchmark data, and post-processing Jupyter notebooks can be re-used by any two-phase flow simulation method that discretizes two-phase Navier-Stokes equations in a one-fluid formulation, which can save a significant amount of person-hours.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2022

A Research Software Engineering Workflow for Computational Science and Engineering

University research groups in Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) generally lack dedicated funding and personnel for Research Software Engineering (RSE), which, combined with the pressure to maximize the number of scientific publications, shifts the focus away from sustainable research software development and reproducible results. The neglect of RSE in CSE at University research groups negatively impacts the scientific output: research data - including research software - related to a CSE publication cannot be found, reproduced, or re-used, different ideas are not combined easily into new ideas, and published methods must very often be re-implemented to be investigated further. This slows down CSE research significantly, resulting in considerable losses in time and, consequentially, public funding. We propose a RSE workflow for Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) that addresses these challenges, that improves the quality of research output in CSE. Our workflow applies established software engineering practices adapted for CSE: software testing, result visualization, and periodical cross-linking of software with reports/publications and data, timed by milestones in the scientific publication process. The workflow introduces minimal work overhead, crucial for university research groups, and delivers modular and tested software linked to publications whose results can easily be reproduced. We define research software quality from a perspective of a pragmatic researcher: the ability to quickly find the publication, data, and software related to a published research idea, quickly reproduce results, understand or re-use a CSE method, and finally extend the method with new research ideas.

cs.SE↗

arXiv2021

An unstructured finite-volume level set / front tracking method for two-phase flows with large density-ratios

We extend the unstructured LEvel set / froNT tracking (LENT) method for handling two-phase flows with strongly different densities (high-density ratios) by providing the theoretical basis for the numerical consistency between the mass and momentum conservation in the collocated Finite Volume discretization of the single-field two-phase Navier-Stokes equations. Our analysis provides the theoretical basis for the mass conservation equation introduced by Ghods and Herrmann [3] and used in [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. We use a mass flux that is consistent with mass conservation in the implicit Finite Volume discretization of the two-phase momentum convection term, and solve the single-field Navier-Stokes equations with our SAAMPLE segregated solution algorithm [2]. The proposed $\rho$LENT method recovers exact numerical stability for the two-phase momentum advection of a spherical droplet with density ratios ranging in $[1, 10^4]$. Numerical stability is demonstrated for in terms of the relative $L_\infty$ velocity error norm, for density-ratios in the range of $[1, 10^4]$, dynamic viscosity-ratios in the range of $[1, 10^4]$ and very strong surface tension forces, for challenging mercury/air and water/air fluid pairings. In addition, the solver performs well in cases characterized by strong interaction between two phases, i.e., oscillating droplets and rising bubbles. The proposed $\rho$LENT method is applicable to any other two-phase flow simulation method that discretizes the single-field two-phase Navier-Stokes Equations using the collocated unstructured Finite Volume Method but does not solve an advection equation for the phase indicator using a flux-based approach, by adding the proposed geometrical approximation of the mass flux and the auxiliary mass conservation equation to the solution algorithm.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2020

Iterative Volume-of-Fluid interface positioning in general polyhedrons with Consecutive Cubic Spline interpolation

A straightforward and computationally efficient Consecutive Cubic Spline (CCS) iterative algorithm is proposed for positioning the planar interface of the unstructured geometrical Volume-of-Fluid method in arbitrarily-shaped cells. The CCS algorithm is a two-point root-finding algorithm specifically designed for the VOF interface positioning problem, where the volume fraction function has diminishing derivatives at the ends of the search interval. As a two-point iterative algorithm, CCS re-uses function values and derivatives from previous iterations and does not rely on interval bracketing. The CCS algorithm only requires only two iterations on average to position the interface with a tolerance of $10^{-12}$, even with numerically very challenging volume fraction values, e.g. near $10^{-9}$ or $1-10^{-9}$. The proposed CCS algorithm is very straightforward to implement because its input is already calculated by every geometrical VOF method. It builds upon and significantly improves the predictive Newton method and is independent of the cell's geometrical model and related intersection algorithm. Geometrical parametrizations of truncated volumes used by other contemporary methods are completely avoided. The computational efficiency is comparable in terms of the number of iterations to the fastest methods reported so far. References are provided in the results section to the open-source implementation of the CCS algorithm and the performance measurement data.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2020

Unstructured un-split geometrical Volume-of-Fluid methods -- A review

Geometrical Volume-of-Fluid (VoF) methods mainly support structured meshes, and only a small number of contributions in the scientific literature report results with unstructured meshes and three spatial dimensions. Unstructured meshes are traditionally used for handling geometrically complex solution domains that are prevalent when simulating problems of industrial relevance. However, three-dimensional geometrical operations are significantly more complex than their two-dimensional counterparts, which is confirmed by the ratio of publications with three-dimensional results on unstructured meshes to publications with two-dimensional results or support for structured meshes. Additionally, unstructured meshes present challenges in serial and parallel computational efficiency, accuracy, implementation complexity, and robustness. Ongoing research is still very active, focusing on different issues: interface positioning in general polyhedra, estimation of interface normal vectors, advection accuracy, and parallel and serial computational efficiency. This survey tries to give a complete and critical overview of classical, as well as contemporary geometrical VOF methods with concise explanations of the underlying ideas and sub-algorithms, focusing primarily on unstructured meshes and three dimensional calculations. Reviewed methods are listed in historical order and compared in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency.

physics.comp-ph↗