Reducing Building Heat Demand Through Intelligent Control: A Comparative Simulation Study
Space heating remains the dominant energy consumer in buildings. While structural retrofitting can substantially reduce demand, it is often costly and time-intensive. As an alternative, this study investigates the potential of intelligent heating control strategies to reduce heat consumption with lower investment and faster implementation. Previous studies have shown that replacing conventional heating-curve-based controllers with model predictive controllers (MPCs) can reduce heating energy demand. Whereas most studies compare MPC to conventional control, this work evaluates two MPC strategies with different control objectives and quantifies their impact on indoor temperature tracking and heating demand. A virtual residential building model was developed in Python based on ISO 52016-1 to generate synthetic measurement data. A simplified resistance-capacitance (RC) model was parametrised using this dataset and used as the internal model for two MPC strategies implemented in MATLAB. The strategies differ only in their optimisation objective: one minimises quadratic heating power, while the other prioritises indoor temperature tracking for thermal comfort. Simulations over six days show that both strategies satisfy comfort and system constraints, but differ in energy use and temperature variation. The comfort-oriented controller achieves lower total heat consumption than the controller minimising heating power, which is attributed to the penalisation of high heating rates in the quadratic objective function. The results demonstrate the importance of objective function formulation in MPC design and show that high comfort levels can be maintained while achieving lower heating demand without structural modifications to the building envelope.