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Ulrich Bastian

Publications and source records attributed to Ulrich Bastian.

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Predictions for astrometric microlensing in Gaia

ESA's astrometric space mission Gaia is uniquely positioned for microlensing studies thanks to its all-sky coverage and simultaneous astrometric and photometric observations. In Gaia Data Release 4 (DR4), astrometric time series will be published for the first time, providing a rich dataset for isolated stellar remnant searches. In anticipation of DR4, we prepared tools for fitting photometric and 1D astrometric measurements. We tested the recovery of true event parameters and population distributions with Gaia-like observations. We created a mock survey of microlensing events mirroring Gaia DR4's design. The events were generated using dedicated Galactic simulations to provide realistic expectations on stellar and dark lens yields. For selected events, we simulated observations following Gaia's scanning law and precision, using the astromet package. Such simulations are needed to interpret forthcoming data; they also enable testing inference tools with known ground truth. We used nested sampling to infer full posterior distributions and compare them with the true lens parameters. Our simulation predicts $322 \pm 70$ microlensing events with astrometric signals above Gaia precision thresholds; $209 \pm 57$ of them have detectable photometric signals. Among those, $82 \pm 9$ and $49 \pm 7$, respectively, have remnant lenses. To assess Gaia's capabilities in constraining remnant mass distributions, we modelled $49$ events from this sample. We recovered the true Einstein times and radii for most events. Microlensing parallax measurements are consistent with true values but uncertain, limiting mass determination. We recommend focusing on events with bright sources or anomalous fits to optimize dark lens searches. We make available the mock Gaia time-series dataset, as well as a toolkit repository for working with the data format, fitting models, and visualizing results.

astro-ph.GA

The Gaia Astrometric Catalogue and Secular Aberration Drift in Proper Motions

A recent paper demonstrated the existence of a secular aberration drift term in stellar proper motions that arises when transforming an astrometric catalogue defined for an observer at rest with respect to the solar system barycentre to some other reference frame in which, for example, the observer is at rest with respect to the Galactic centre. Such a transformation requires an accurate and precise estimate of the velocity of the solar system barycentre. It was argued that the Gaia catalogue construction should account for this effect and also for the aberrational effect due to acceleration of the solar system barycentre. We argue that these two effects should not be accounted for in the construction of the Gaia astrometric catalogue. We briefly review the Gaia catalogue reference frame, the concepts of stellar aberration and secular aberration drift, and their observable consequences. The Gaia catalogue is (and should be) constructed in the Barycentric Celestial Reference System: the reference system with the origin at the solar system barycentre as defined by the underlying solar system ephemerides. We explain that the Gaia catalogue is consistent with the International Celestial Reference System despite the presence of proper motion terms due to the acceleration of the solar system barycentre. We also explain why transformation of the astrometry to a frame in which the observer is at rest with respect to the Galactic centre or distant universe is not needed for the interpretation of stellar kinematics, and that there are practical concerns with such a transformation. The estimation of the velocity and acceleration of the solar system barycentre, although important as a matter of scientific investigation, are not needed for the construction of the Gaia astrometric catalogue.

astro-ph.IM

Identification of new nearby white dwarfs using Gaia DR3

Based on the astrometry and photometry in Gaia DR3, we identified new nearby white dwarfs and validated those that had been missed from recent white dwarf catalogues despite being previously documented. To ensure the reliability of their astrometric solutions, we used a cut on just two parameters from Gaia DR3: the amplitude of the image parameter determination goodness-of-fit and the parallax-over-error ratio. In addition, we imposed photometric signal-to-noise requirements to ensure the reliable identification of white dwarfs when using the colour-magnitude diagram. We have identified nine previously unreported white dwarfs within the local population of 50 pc, and validated 21 previously reported white dwarfs missing from the GCWD21 (Gentile Fusillo et al. 2021) and other recent volume-limited white dwarf samples. A few of these objects belong to the rare class of ultra-cool white dwarfs. Four white dwarfs in our sample have an effective temperature of $T_{eff}\leq4000$ K within the $1σ$ interval, and two of them have an absolute magnitude of $M_G > 16.0$ mag. The identified white dwarfs are predominantly located in crowded fields, such as near the Galactic plane or in the foreground of the Large Magellanic Cloud. We also find that 19 of these white dwarfs have common proper motion companions with angular separations ranging from $1.1''$ to $7.1''$ and brightness differences between the components of up to 9.8 magnitudes. One of these systems is a triple system consisting of a white dwarf and two K dwarfs, while another is a double white dwarf system. We have identified 103 contaminants among the 2338 high-confidence white dwarfs in the 50 pc subsample of the GCWD21 and have found that their astrometric solutions in Gaia DR3 are spurious, improving the purity by 4.4%.

astro-ph.SR

Prediction of Astrometric-Microlensing Events from Gaia eDR3 Proper Motions

Astrometric microlensing is a unique tool to measure stellar masses. It allows us to determine the mass of the lensing star with an accuracy of a few per cent. In this paper, we update, extend, and refine our predictions of astrometric-microlensing events based on Gaia's early Data release 3 (eDR3). We selected about 500.000 high-proper-motion stars from Gaia eDR3 with $μ_{tot}>100\,\mathrm{mas/yr}$ and searched for background sources close to their paths. We applied various selection criteria and cuts in order to exclude spurious sources and co-moving stars. By forecasting the future positions of lens and source we determined epoch of and angular separation at closest approach, and determined an expected positional shift and magnification. Using Gaia~eDR3, we predict 1758 new microlensing events with expected shifts larger than 0.1 mas between the epochs J2010.5 and mid J2066.0. Further we provide more precise information on the angular separation at closest approach for 3084 previously predicted events. This helps to select better targets for observations, especially for events which occur within the next decade. Our search lead to the new prediction of an interesting astrometric-microlensing event by the white dwarf Gaia eDR3-4053455379420641152. In 2025 it will pass by a $G=20.25\,\mathrm{mag}$ star, which will lead to a positional shift of the major image of $δθ_{+}=1.2^{+2.0}_{-0.5}\,\mathrm{mas}$. Since the background source is only $ΔG=2.45\,\mathrm{mag}$ fainter than the lens, also the shift of the combined center of light will be measurable, especially using a near infrared filter, where the background star is brighter than the lens $ΔKs=-1.1\,\mathrm{mag}$

astro-ph.SR

A celestial matryoshka: Dynamical and spectroscopic analysis of the Albireo system

We present a spectroscopic characterisation and a new orbital solution for the binary system beta Cyg Aa/Ac (MCA 55), the primary component (beta Cyg A) of the well-known wide double star Albireo. By matching evolutionary tracks to the physical parameters of all three Albireo stars (beta Cyg Aa, Ac and B) as obtained from a spectroscopic analysis of TIGRE and IUE spectra, we confirm that they are likely coeval. Our final orbit solution is based on radial-velocity measurements taken over a baseline exceeding $120$ years, combined with relative astrometry from speckle interferometric observations and the absolute astrometry from the Hipparcos and Gaia missions. Our final orbit solution has a period of $121.65^{+3.34}_{-2.90}$ years with an eccentricity of $0.20^{+0.01}_{-0.02}$. Thanks to the inclusion of the absolute astrometry, we find a mass ratio of $q = 1.25^{+0.19}_{-0.17}$, and a total mass of $9.47_{-3.24}^{+5.88}$ M$_\odot$, indicating that the secondary (Ac) is the more massive of the pair. These results strongly suggest the presence of a fourth, unseen, member of the Albireo system. Given the current photometric data it is likely that beta Cyg A is itself a hierarchical triple. We also derive the systemic proper motion, line-of-sight velocity, and an orbital parallax of the beta Cyg A system, allowing us to quantitatively assess the hypothesis that Albireo A and B form a physically bound and genealogically connected system. Finally, we find four potential members of a common proper motion group with Albireo, though none anywhere as close by as the Albireo components A to B.

astro-ph.SR

Purveyors of fine halos. II. Chemodynamical association of halo stars with Milky Way globular clusters

We present chemodynamical links between the present-day Milky Way halo field star population and Galactic globular clusters (GCs) using a dataset that combines information from the $\rm{\it Gaia}$ space mission and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV, DR14). Moreover, we incorporated a sample of halo giant stars with a distinct chemical signature (strong CN bandheads) that resembles the light-elements anomaly otherwise only seen in the second generation of GC stellar populations. Using three different tagging techniques, we could successfully establish unique associations between 151 extratidal stars in the neighborhood of eight GCs. In addition, we traced the possible origin of about $62\%$ of the sample of CN-strong giants to their potential host clusters. Several of the involved GCs have been brought into connection with the Gaia-Enceladus and Sequoia merger events. By establishing kinematic and chemical connections between 17 CN-strong stars and their surrounding fields, we could identify co-moving groups of stars at the same [Fe/H] with a possible cluster origin. We found strong evidence that four CN-strong stars and their associates are connected to the Sagittarius stream whilst their tightly confined [Fe/H] may hint to a birth site in M 54. Finally, we provide tentative estimates for the fraction of first-generation cluster stars among all stars lost to the halo. In the immediate cluster vicinity, this value amounts to $50.0\pm16.7\%$ while the associations in the halo field rather imply $80.2_{-5.2}^{+4.9}\%$. We speculate that -- if proven real by spectroscopic follow-up -- the disparity between these numbers could indicate a major contribution of low-mass clusters to the overall number of stars escaped to the halo or, alternatively, point toward a strong mass loss from the first generation during early cluster dissolution. [abridged]

astro-ph.GA

Characterization and history of the Helmi streams with Gaia DR2

The halo of the Milky Way has long been hypothesized to harbour significant amounts of merger debris. This view has been supported over more than a decade by wide-field photometric surveys which have revealed the outer halo to be lumpy. The recent release of Gaia DR2 is allowing us to establish that mergers also have been important and possibly built up the majority of the inner halo. In this work we focus on the Helmi streams, a group of streams crossing the Solar vicinity and known for almost two decades. We characterize their properties and relevance for the build-up of the Milky Way's halo. We identify new members of the Helmi streams in an unprecedented dataset with full phase-space information combining Gaia DR2, and the APOGEE DR2, RAVE DR5 and LAMOST DR4 spectroscopic surveys. Based on the orbital properties of the stars, we find new stream members up to a distance of 5 kpc from the Sun, which we characterize using photometry and metallicity information. We also perform N-body experiments to constrain the time of accretion and properties of the progenitor of the streams. We find nearly 600 new members of the Helmi streams. Their HR diagram reveals a broad age range, from approximately 11 to 13 Gyr, while their metallicity distribution goes from $\sim$ 2.3 to $\sim$1.0, and peaks at [Fe/H] $\sim$1.5. These findings confirm that the streams originate in a dwarf galaxy. Furthermore, we find 7 globular clusters to be likely associated, and which follow a well-defined age-metallicity sequence whose properties suggest a relatively massive progenitor object. Our N-body simulations favour a system with a stellar mass of $\sim 10^8\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$ accreted $5 - 8$ Gyr ago. The debris from the Helmi streams is an important donor to the MilkyWay halo, contributing approximately 15\% of its mass in field stars and 10\% of its globular clusters.

astro-ph.GA

Gaia GraL: Gaia DR2 Gravitational Lens Systems. IV. Keck/LRIS spectroscopic confirmation of GRAL113100-441959 and model prediction of time-delays

We report the spectroscopic confirmation and modeling of the quadruply imaged quasar GRAL113100-441959, the first gravitational lens (GL) to be discovered mainly from astrometric considerations. Follow-up spectra obtained with Keck/LRIS reveal the lensing nature of this quadruply-imaged quasar with redshift $z_s = 1.090 \pm 0.002$, but show no evidence of the central lens galaxy. Using the image positions and $G$-band flux ratios provided by Gaia Data Release 2 as constraints, we model the system with a singular power-law elliptical mass distribution (SPEMD) plus external shear, to different levels of complexity. We show that relaxing the isothermal constraint of the SPEMD is not statistically significant, and thus we simplify the SPEMD to a singular isothermal ellipsoid to estimate the Einstein radius of the main lens galaxy $θ_{\text{E}} = 0.\!\!^{\prime\prime}851$, the intensity and position angle of the external shear $(γ,θ_γ) = (0.044,11.\!\!^{\circ}5)$, and we predict the lensing galaxy position to be $(x_{\text{gal}},y_{\text{gal}}) = (-0.\!\!^{\prime\prime}424,-0.\!\!^{\prime\prime}744)$ with respect to image A. We provide time delay predictions for pairs of images, assuming a plausible range of lens redshift values $z_l$ between $0.5$ and $0.9$. We finally examine the impact on time delays of the so-called Source Position Transformation, a family of degeneracies existing between different lens density profiles that reproduce most of the lensing observables equally well. We show that this effect contributes significantly to the time delay error budget and cannot be ignored during the modeling. This has implications for robust cosmography applications of lensed systems. GRAL113100-441959 is the first in a series of seven new spectroscopically confirmed GLs discovered from Gaia Data Release 2.

astro-ph.CO

Hot Stuff for One Year (HSOY) - A 583 million star proper motion catalogue derived from Gaia DR1 and PPMXL

Recently, the first installment of data from ESA's Gaia astrometric satellite mission (Gaia-DR1) was released, containing positions of more than 1 billion stars with unprecedented precision, as well as only proper motions and parallaxes, however only for a subset of 2 million objects. The second release, due in late 2017 or early 2018, will include those quantities for most objects. In order to provide a dataset that bridges the time gap between the Gaia-DR1 and Gaia-DR2 releases and partly remedies the lack of proper motions in the former, HSOY ("Hot Stuff for One Year") was created as a hybrid catalogue between Gaia-DR1 and ground-based astrometry, featuring proper motions (but no parallaxes) for a large fraction of the DR1 objects. While not attempting to compete with future Gaia releases in terms of data quality or number of objects, the aim of HSOY is to provide improved proper motions partly based on Gaia data, allowing some studies to be carried out just now or as pilot studies for later larger projects requiring higher-precision data. The HSOY catalogue was compiled using the positions taken from Gaia-DR1 combined with the input data from the PPMXL catalogue, employing the same weighted least-squares technique that was used to assemble the PPMXL catalogue itself. Results. This effort resulted in a four-parameter astrometric catalogue containing 583,000,000 objects, with Gaia-DR1 quality positions and proper motions with precisions from significantly less than 1 mas/yr to 5 mas/yr, depending on the object's brightness and location on the sky.

astro-ph.GA

The Gaia Basic angle: measurement and variations

The ESA Gaia mission uses two telescopes to create the most ambitious survey of the Galaxy. The angle between them must be known with exquisite precision and accuracy. An interferometer: the Basic Angle Monitoring system measures its variations. High quality data have been retrieved and analysed for more than a year. A summary of the in-orbit performance and some early results are presented

astro-ph.IM

A conjugate gradient algorithm for the astrometric core solution of Gaia

The ESA space astrometry mission Gaia, planned to be launched in 2013, has been designed to make angular measurements on a global scale with micro-arcsecond accuracy. A key component of the data processing for Gaia is the astrometric core solution, which must implement an efficient and accurate numerical algorithm to solve the resulting, extremely large least-squares problem. The Astrometric Global Iterative Solution (AGIS) is a framework that allows to implement a range of different iterative solution schemes suitable for a scanning astrometric satellite. In order to find a computationally efficient and numerically accurate iteration scheme for the astrometric solution, compatible with the AGIS framework, we study an adaptation of the classical conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm, and compare it to the so-called simple iteration (SI) scheme that was previously known to converge for this problem, although very slowly. The different schemes are implemented within a software test bed for AGIS known as AGISLab, which allows to define, simulate and study scaled astrometric core solutions. After successful testing in AGISLab, the CG scheme has been implemented also in AGIS. The two algorithms CG and SI eventually converge to identical solutions, to within the numerical noise (of the order of 0.00001 micro-arcsec). These solutions are independent of the starting values (initial star catalogue), and we conclude that they are equivalent to a rigorous least-squares estimation of the astrometric parameters. The CG scheme converges up to a factor four faster than SI in the tested cases, and in particular spatially correlated truncation errors are much more efficiently damped out with the CG scheme.

astro-ph.IM

The astrometric core solution for the Gaia mission. Overview of models, algorithms and software implementation

The Gaia satellite will observe about one billion stars and other point-like sources. The astrometric core solution will determine the astrometric parameters (position, parallax, and proper motion) for a subset of these sources, using a global solution approach which must also include a large number of parameters for the satellite attitude and optical instrument. The accurate and efficient implementation of this solution is an extremely demanding task, but crucial for the outcome of the mission. We provide a comprehensive overview of the mathematical and physical models applicable to this solution, as well as its numerical and algorithmic framework. The astrometric core solution is a simultaneous least-squares estimation of about half a billion parameters, including the astrometric parameters for some 100 million well-behaved so-called primary sources. The global nature of the solution requires an iterative approach, which can be broken down into a small number of distinct processing blocks (source, attitude, calibration and global updating) and auxiliary processes (including the frame rotator and selection of primary sources). We describe each of these processes in some detail, formulate the underlying models, from which the observation equations are derived, and outline the adopted numerical solution methods with due consideration of robustness and the structure of the resulting system of equations. Appendices provide brief introductions to some important mathematical tools (quaternions and B-splines for the attitude representation, and a modified Cholesky algorithm for positive semidefinite problems) and discuss some complications expected in the real mission data.

astro-ph.IM

Constraints on the origin of the massive, hot, and rapidly rotating magnetic white dwarf RE J 0317-853 from an HST parallax measurement

We use the parallax measurements of RE J 0317-853 to determine its mass, radius, and cooling age and thereby constrain its evolutionary origins. We observed RE J 0317-853 with the the Hubble Space Telescope's Fine Guidance System to measure the parallax of RE J 0317-853 and its binary companion, the non-magnetic white dwarf LB 9802. In addition, we acquired spectra of comparison stars with the Boller & Chivens spectrograph of the SMARTS telescope to correct the parallax zero point. For the corrected parallax, we determine the radius, mass, and the cooling age with the help of evolutionary models from the literature. The properties of RE J 0317-853 are constrained using the parallax information. We discuss the different cases of the core composition and the uncertain effective temperature. We confirm that RE J 0317-853 is close to the Chandrasekhar's mass limit in all cases and almost as old as its companion LB 9802. The precise evolutionary history of RE J 0317-853 depends on our knowledge of its effective temperature. It is possible that it had a single star progenitor possible if we assume that the effective temperature is at the cooler end of the possible range from 30000 to 50000; if T_eff is instead at the hotter end, a binary-merger scenario for RE J 0317-853 becomes more plausible.

astro-ph.SR