Beyond Source Compatibility: WebAssembly as a Stable ABI for ARINC 653 Applications
Thirty years ago, ARINC 653 was introduced to provide a vendor-independent platform for software applications in Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA). A platform is characterized by a well-defined interface abstracting over implementation details; in the case of ARINC 653 this is an Application Programming Interface (API), defined on the source-code level. However, several aspects of this API - such as the memory layout and partially also the integer bit width of data types - remain implementation dependent, so portability across Operating Systems (OSs) requires recompilation, and often also source code adaptation. Our contribution is three-fold; first, we refine the ARINC 653 header file, eliminating remaining ambiguities. Second, building on WebAssembly (Wasm), we define an OS- and processor-architecture-agnostic Application Binary Interface (ABI) at the object-code level, resolving differences in data layout, endianness, and function-pointer representation between host and guest environments. Third, we demonstrate a Wasm-VM-agnostic shim-library that executes ARINC 653 partitions, compiled to Wasm bytecode and following our ABI, on multiple processor architectures using two independent Wasm runtimes.