Extreme Cross-polarization Extinction Method for Quantification of Residual Crystal Anisotropy
The high-extinction cross-polarization measurement of a paraxial laser beam results in a Hermite-Gaussian ($\text{HG}_{11}$)-like four-lobes with a dark-centered cross pattern. The azimuthally spin-separated mode pattern is understood to result from the spin-orbit interaction of light. The perfect dark region at the beam center, due to extreme cross-polarization extinction (EXE), is used here to accurately determine the on-axis residual polarization of the laser beam and, using it, the residual elliptical birefringence of optical crystals. By propagating the laser beam through uniaxial optical crystals with their optic axis cut either parallel or perpendicular to the beam propagation direction and performing the EXE measurement, we demonstrate a simple approach to precisely quantify the residual elliptical birefringence of crystals, which are otherwise assumed to be absent, to a high degree of extinction of 1 part in $10^{-8}$. The experimental results are interpreted using Jones-matrix-based calculations for a paraxial laser beam and upon its propagation through the optical crystals. The high sensitivity and high accuracy of the EXE technique make it well-suited for measuring and characterizing anisotropy and its dispersion of monolayers, ultrathin films, and 2D materials.