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Vernon Barger

Publications and source records attributed to Vernon Barger.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Natural supersymmetry at a muon collider

There is great interest within the particle physics community for building a $μ^+μ^-$ collider with center-of-mass (CoM) energies ranging from $\sqrt{s}\sim$ 1-14 TeV. For Beyond-the-Standard-Model (BSM) physics, natural supersymmetry seems perhaps the most motivated, plausible extension of the Standard Model. Here, we examine what can be accomplished by a muon collider with regards to natural SUSY at various muon collider CoM energies. In natural SUSY -- especially in the guise that would emerge from the string landscape -- one expects sparticles to be spread over two orders of magnitude in mass values. A muon collider with highly variable beam energies would be most useful for targeting 2-body reaction thresholds and Higgs boson resonances.

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Reach of e^+e^- Higgs factory for light higgsinos via electroweak precision observables and comparison with other future facilities

Light higgsinos with mass ~100-400 GeV are well-motivated from naturalness considerations within supersymmetric models. However, at hadron colliders such as CERN LHC, they are rather difficult to search for due to the small visible energy release from heavy higgsino decay to the lightest higgsino, assumed here to be the lightest SUSY particle (LSP). An alternative way to search for the sparticles of supersymmetry is via their virtual effects on electroweak precision observables (EWPO) such as the W boson mass or the effective weak mixing angle \sin^2θ_{\rm eff}. We quantify the ability of an e^+e^- Higgs factory operating at \sqrt{s}\sim 90-250 GeV to indirectly detect higgsinos via EWPO in the so-called higgsino discovery plane. The latter allows one to compare the relative reach of LHC and high-lumi LHC with an e^+e^- Higgs factory and with a linear e^+e^- collider operating at \sqrt{s}~ 0.5 TeV.

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Aspects of the WIMP quality problem and R-parity violation in natural supersymmetry with all axion dark matter

In supersymmetric models where the mu problem is solved via discrete R-symmetries, then both the global U(1)_{PQ} (Peccei-Quinn, needed to solve the strong CP problem) and R-parity conservation (RPC, needed for proton stability) are expected to arise as accidental, approximate symmetries. Then in some cases, SUSY dark matter is expected to be all axions since the relic lightest SUSY particles (LSPs) can decay away via small R-parity violating (RPV) couplings. We examine several aspects of this {\it all axion} SUSY dark matter scenario. 1. We catalogue the operator suppression which is gained from discrete R-symmetry breaking via four two-extra-field base models. 2. We present exact tree-level LSP decay rates including mixing and phase space effects and compare to results from simple, approximate formulae. 3. Natural SUSY models are characterized by light higgsinos with mass ~100-350 GeV so that the dominant sparticle production cross sections at LHC14 are expected to be higgsino pair production which occurs at the 10^2-10^4 fb level. Assuming nature is natural, the lack of an RPV signal from higgsino pair production in LHC data translates into rather strong upper bounds on nearly all trilinear RPV couplings in order to render the SUSY signal (nearly) invisible. Thus, in natural SUSY models with light higgsinos, the RPV-couplings must be small enough that the LSP has a rather high quality of RPC.

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All axion dark matter from supersymmetric models

Supersymmetric models accompanied by certain anomaly-free discrete R-symmetries Z_n^R are attractive in that 1. the R-symmetry (which can arise from compactified string theory as a remnant of the broken 10-d Lorentz symmetry) forbids unwanted superpotential terms while allowing for the generation of an accidental, approximate global U(1)_{PQ} symmetry needed to solve the strong CP problem and 2. they provide a raison d'etre for an otherwise ad-hoc R-parity conservation. We augment the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) by two additional Z_n^R- and PQ-charged fields X and Y wherein SUSY breaking at an intermediate scale m_{hidden} leads to PQ breaking at a scale f_a\sim 10^{11} GeV leading to a SUSY DFSZ axion. The same SUSY breaking can trigger R-parity breaking via higher-dimensional operators leading to tiny R-violating couplings of order (f_a/m_P)^N and a WIMP quality problem. For Z_4^R and Z_8^R, we find only an N=1 suppression. Then the lightest SUSY particle (LSP) of the MSSM becomes unstable with a lifetime of order ~ 10^{-3}-10 seconds so the LSPs all decay away before the present epoch. That leaves a universe with all axion cold dark matter and no WIMPs in accord with recent LZ-2024 WIMP search results.

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Implications of Higgs mass for hidden sector SUSY breaking

Hidden sector SUSY breaking where charged hidden sector fields obtain SUSY breaking vevs once seemed common in dynamical SUSY breaking (DSB). In such a case, scalars can obtain large masses but gauginos and A-terms gain loop-suppressed anomaly-mediated contributions which may be smaller by factors of 1/16π^2 ~1/160. This situation leads to models such as PeV or mini-split supersymmetry with m(scalars)~ 160 m(gauginos). In order to generate a light Higgs mass m_h~ 125 GeV, the scalar mass terms are required in the 10-100 TeV range, leading to large, unnatural contributions to the weak scale. Alternatively, in gravity mediation with singlet hidden sector fields, then m(scalars)~ m(gauginos)~ A-terms and the large A-terms lift m_h ->125 GeV even for natural values of m(stop1)~ 1-3 TeV. Requiring naturalness, which is probabilistically preferred by the string landscape, then the measured Higgs mass seems to favor singlets in the hidden sector, which can be common in metastable and retrofitted DSB models.

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Prospects for supersymmetry at high luminosity LHC

Weak scale supersymmetry (SUSY) is highly motivated in that it provides a 't Hooft technically natural solution to the gauge hierarchy problem. However, recent strong limits from superparticle searches at LHC Run 2 may exacerbate a so-called Little Hierarchy problem (LHP) which is a matter of practical naturalness: why is m_{weak}<< m_{soft}? We review recent LHC and WIMP dark matter search bounds as well as their impact on a variety of proposed SUSY models: gravity-, gauge-, anomaly-, mirage- and gaugino-mediation along with some dark matter proposals such as well-tempered neutralinos. We address the naturalness question. We also address the emergence of the string landscape at the beginning of the 21st century and its impact on expectations for SUSY. Rather generally, the string landscape statistically prefers large soft SUSY breaking terms but subject to the anthropic requirement that the derived value of the weak scale for each pocket universe (PU) within the greater multiverse lies with the ABDS window of values. This {\it stringy natural} (SN) approach implies m_h~ 125 GeV more often than not with sparticles beyond or well-beyond present LHC search limits. We review detailed reach calculations of the high-lumi LHC (HL-LHC) for non-universal Higgs mass models which present perhaps the most plausible realization of SUSY from the string landscape. In contrast to conventional wisdom, from a stringy naturalness point of view, the search for SUSY at LHC has only just begun to explore the interesting regimes of parameter space. We comment on how non-universal Higgs models could be differentiated from other expressions of natural SUSY such as natural anomaly-mediation and natural mirage mediation at HL-LHC.

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Living dangerously with decoupled first/second generation scalars: SUSY prospects at the LHC

The string landscape statistical draw to large scalar soft masses leads to a mixed quasi-degeneracy/decoupling solution to the SUSY flavor and CP problems where first/second generation matter scalars lie in the 20-40 TeV range. With increasing first/second generation scalars, SUSY models actually become more natural due to two-loop RG effects which suppress the corresponding third generation soft masses. This can also lead to substantial parameter space regions which are forbidden by the presence of charge and/or color breaking (CCB) minima of the scalar potential. We outline the allowed SUSY parameter space for the gravity-mediated three extra-parameter-non-universal Higgs model NUHM3. The natural regions with m_h~ 125 GeV, Δ_{EW}<~ 30 and decoupled first/second generation scalar are characterized by rather heavy gluinos and EW gauginos, but with rather small μand top-squarks not far beyond LHC Run 2 limits. This scenario also explains why SUSY has so far eluded discovery at LHC in that the parameter space with small scalar and gaugino masses is all excluded by the presence of CCB minima.

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Minding the gap: testing natural anomaly-mediated SUSY breaking at high luminosity LHC

While the minimal anomaly-mediated SUSY breaking model (mAMSB) seems ruled out by constraints on Higgs mass, naturalness and wino dark matter, a slightly generalized version dubbed natural AMSB (nAMSB) remains both viable and compelling. Like mAMSB, nAMSB features winos as the lightest gauginos, but unlike mAMSB, nAMSB allows a small mu parameter so that higgsinos are the lightest of electroweakinos (EWinos). nAMSB spectra depend on the input value of gravitino mass m_{3/2}, where the lower range of m_{3/2} is excluded by LHC gluino pair searches while a higher m_{3/2} band is excluded by LHC limits on wino pair production followed by boosted hadronic wino decays. A remaining intermediate gap in m_{3/2} values remains allowed by present LHC searches, but appears to be completely explorable by high luminosity ugrades of LHC (HL-LHC). We explore a variety of compelling discovery channels that may allow one to close the intermediate gap in m_{3/2} values: 1. same-sign diboson +MET (SSdB) production arising from wino pair production, leading to same-sign dileptons plus MET, 2. trilepton production arising from wino pair production and 3. soft dilepton plus jet events from higgsino pair production, 4. top-squark pair production. From our signal-to-background analysis along a nAMSB model line, we expect HL-LHC to either discover or rule out the nAMSB model with 3000 fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity.

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Decoding the gaugino code, naturally, at high-lumi LHC

Natural supersymmetry with light higgsinos is most likely to emerge from the string landscape since the volume of scan parameter space shrinks to tiny volumes for electroweak unnatural models. Rather general arguments favor a landscape selection of soft SUSY breaking terms tilted to large values, but tempered by the atomic principle: that the derived value of the weak scale in each pocket universe lie not too far from its measured value in our universe. But that leaves (at least) three different paradigms for gaugino masses in natural SUSY models: unified (as in nonuniversal Higgs models), anomaly-mediation form (as in natural AMSB) and mirage mediation form (with comparable moduli- and anomaly-mediated contributions). We perform landscape scans for each of these, and show they populate different, but overlapping, positions in m(\ell\bar{\ell}) and m(wino) space. The first of these may be directly measurable at high-lumi LHC via the soft opposite-sign dilepton plus jets plus MET signature arising from higgsino pair production while the second of these could be extracted from direct wino pair production leading to same-sign diboson production.

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Stau pairs from natural SUSY at high luminosity LHC

Natural supersymmetry (SUSY) with light higgsinos is perhaps the most plausible of all weak scale SUSY models while a variety of motivations point to (right) tau sleptons as the lightest of all the sleptons. We examine a SUSY model line with rather light right-staus embedded within natural SUSY. For light stau_1 of a few hundred GeV, then the decays stau_1 -> τ\tchi_{1,2}^0 and ν_τ\tchi_1^- occur at comparable rates where the (higgsino-like) \tchi_1^\pm and \tchi_2^0 release only small visible energy: in this case, the expected τ^+τ^- +\eslt signature is diminished from usual expectations due to the presence of the nearly invisible decay mode \ttau_1 -> ν_τ\tchi_1^-. However, once m_{\ttau_1}> ~m(bino), then decays to binos such as \ttau_1 -> τ\tchi_3^0 open up where \tchi_3^0 decays to higgsinos plus W^\pm, Z^0 and h at comparable rates. For these heavier staus, then stau pair production gives rise to diboson+\eslt events which may contain 0, 1 or 2 additional hard τleptons. From these considerations, we examine the potential for future discovery of tau-slepton pair production at high-luminosity LHC. While we do not find a 5σHL-LHC discovery reach for 3000 fb^{-1}, we do find a 95\% CL exclusion reach, ranging between m_{\ttau_1}:100-450 GeV for m_{\tchi_1^0}~ 100 GeV. This latter reach disappears for m_{\tchi_1^0}>~ 200 GeV.

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Weak scale supersymmetry emergent from the string landscape

Superstring flux compactifications can stabilize all moduli while leading to an enormous number of vacua solutions, each leading to different $4-d$ laws of physics. While the string landscape provides at present the only plausible explanation for the size of the cosmological constant, it may also predict the form of weak scale supersymmetry which is expected to emerge. Rather general arguments suggest a power-law draw to large soft terms, but these are subject to an anthropic selection of not-too-large a value for the weak scale. The combined selection allows one to compute relative probabilities for the emergence of supersymmetric models from the landscape. Models with weak scale naturalness appear most likely to emerge since they have the largest parameter space on the landscape. For finetuned models such as high scale SUSY or split SUSY, the required weak scale finetuning shrinks their parameter space to tiny volumes, making them much less likely to appear compared to natural models. Probability distributions for sparticle and Higgs masses from natural models show a preference for Higgs mass $m_h\sim 125$ GeV with sparticles typically beyond present LHC limits, in accord with data. From these considerations, we briefly describe how natural SUSY is expected to be revealed at future LHC upgrades. This article is a contribution to the Special Edition of the journal {\it Entropy} honoring Paul Frampton on his 80th birthday.

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Supersymmetry with scalar sequestering

Supersymmetric models with a strongly interacting superconformal hidden sector (HS) may drive soft SUSY breaking scalar masses, bilinear soft term Bμand Higgs combinations m_{H_{u,d}}^2+μ^2 to small values at some intermediate scale, leading to unique sparticle mass spectra along with possibly diminished finetuning in spite of a large superpotential $μ$ parameter. We set up a computer code to calculate such spectra, which are then susceptible to a variety of constraints: 1. possible charge-or-color breaking (CCB) minima in the scalar potential, 2. unbounded from below (UFB) scalar potential, 3. improper electroweak symmetry breaking, 4. a charged or sneutrino lightest SUSY particle (LSP), 5. generating m_h~ 125 GeV, 6. consistency with LHC sparticle mass limits, and 7. naturalness. We find this bevy of constraints leaves little or no viable parameter space for the case where hidden sector dynamics dominates MSSM running, even for the case of non-universal gaugino masses. For the case with moderate HS running with comparable MSSM running, and with universal gaugino masses, then the finetuning is ameliorated, but nonetheless remains high. Viable spectra with moderate HS running and with low finetuning and large mu can be found for non-universal gaugino masses.

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Winos from natural SUSY at the high luminosity LHC

In natural supersymmetric models defined by no worse than a part in thirty electroweak fine-tuning, winos and binos are generically expected to be much heavier than higgsinos. Moreover, the splitting between the higgsinos is expected to be small, so that the visible decay products of the heavier higgsinos are soft, rendering the higgsinos quasi-invisible at the LHC. Within the natural SUSY framwork, heavy electroweak gauginos decay to W, Z or h bosons plus higgsinos in the ratio ~2:1:1, respectively. This is in sharp contrast to models with a bino-like lightest superpartner and very heavy higgsinos, where the charged (neutral) wino essentially always decays to a W (h) boson and an invisible bino. Wino pair production at the LHC, in natural SUSY, thus leads to VV, Vh and hh+MET final states (V=W, Z) where, for TeV scale winos, the vector bosons and h daughters are considerably boosted. We identify eight different channels arising from the leptonic and hadronic decays of the vector bosons and the decay h-> b\bar{b}, each of which offers an avenue for wino discovery at the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). By combining the signal in all eight channels we find, assuming \sqrt{s}=14 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb^{-1}, that the discovery reach for winos extends to m(wino)~1.1~TeV, while the 95% CL exclusion range extends to a wino mass of almost 1.4~TeV. We also identify ``higgsino specific channels'' which could serve to provide 3σevidence that winos lighter than 1.2~TeV decay to light higgsinos rather than to a bino-like LSP, should a wino signal appear at the HL-LHC.

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Natural anomaly-mediation from the landscape with implications for LHC SUSY searches

Supersymmetric models with the anomaly-mediated SUSY breaking (AMSB) arose in two different settings: 1. extra-dimensional models where SUSY breaking occurred in a sequestered sector and 2. 4-d models with dynamical SUSY breaking in a hidden sector where scalars gain masses of order the gravitino mass m_{3/2} but with gauginos and trilinear soft terms of the AMSB form. Both have run into serious conflicts with 1. LHC sparticle and Higgs mass constraints, 2. constraints from wino-like WIMP dark matter searches and 3. bounds from naturalness. These conflicts may be avoided by introducing minor changes to the underlying phenomenological models consisting of non-universal bulk scalar Higgs masses and A-terms, providing a setting for {\it natural anomaly-mediation} (nAMSB). In nAMSB, the wino is still expected to be the lightest of the gauginos, but the higgsinos are expected to be the lightest electroweakinos (EWinos) in accord with naturalness. We examine what sort of spectra are expected to emerge when nAMSB arises from a string landscape setting. We explore the LHC phenomenology of nAMSB models via higgsino pair production and wino pair production. We characterize the dominant LHC signatures arising from the remaining patch of parameter space which should be fully testable at high-luminosity LHC via EWino pair production searches.

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CP-violating top-Higgs coupling in SMEFT

The total cross section of the process $μ^- μ^+ \to ν_μ\barν_μt \bar{t} H$ has strong dependence on the CP phase $ξ$ of the top Yukawa coupling, where the ratio of $ξ=π$ and $ξ= 0$ (SM) grows to 670 at $\sqrt{s}$ = 30 TeV, 3400 at 100 TeV. We study the cause of the strong energy dependence and identify its origin as the $(E/m_W^{})^2$ growth of the weak boson fusion sub-amplitudes, $W_L^- W_L^+ \to t \bar{t} H$, with the two $W$s are longitudinally polarized. We repeat the study in the SMEFT framework where EW gauge invariance is manifest and find that the highest energy cross section is reduced to a quarter of the complex top Yukawa model result, with the same energy power. By applying the Goldstone boson (GB) equivalence theorem, we identify the origin of this strong energy growth of the SMEFT amplitudes as associated with the dimension-6 $π^- π^+ ttH$ vertex, where $π^\pm$ denotes the GB of $W^\pm$. We obtain the unitarity bound on the coefficient of the SMEFT operator by studying all $2\to2$ and $2\to3$ cross sections in the $J=0$ channel.

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Top squarks from the landscape at high luminosity LHC

Supersymmetric models with low electroweak finetuning are expected to be more prevalent on the string landscape than finetuned models. We assume a fertile patch of landscape vacua containing the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) as low energy/weak scale effective field theory (LE-EFT). Then, a statistical pull by the landscape to large soft terms is balanced by the requirement of a derived value of the weak scale which is not too far from its measured value in our universe. Such models are characterized by light higgsinos in the few hundred GeV range whilst top squarks are in the 1-2.5 TeV range with large trilinear soft terms which helps to push m_h~ 125 GeV. Other sparticles are generally beyond current LHC reach and the BR(b -> sγ) branching fraction is nearly equal to its SM value. The light top-squarks decay comparably via \tst_1 -> b\tchi_1^+ and \tst_1 -> t\tchi_{1,2}^0 yielding mixed final states of b\bar{b}+MET, t\bar{b}/\ \bar{t}b + MET and t\bar{t}+ MET. We evaluate prospects for top squark discovery at high-luminosity (HL) LHC for the well-motivated case of natural SUSY from the landscape. We find for HL-LHC a 5σreach out to m_{\tst_1}~ 1.7 TeV and a 95\% CL exclusion reach to m_{\tst_1} ~ 2 TeV. These reaches cover {\it most} (but not all) of the allowed stringy natural parameter space!

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Prospects for charged Higgs bosons in natural SUSY models at the high-luminosity LHC

We continue our examination of prospects for discovery of heavy Higgs bosons of natural SUSY (natSUSY) models at the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), this time focussing on charged Higgs bosons. In natSUSY, higgsinos are expected at the few hundred GeV scale whilst electroweak gauginos inhabit the TeV scale and the heavy Higgs bosons, H, A and H^\pm could range up tens of TeV without jeopardizing naturalness. For TeV-scale heavy SUSY Higgs bosons H, A and H^\pm, as currently required by LHC searches, SUSY decays into gaugino plus higgsino can dominate H^\pm decays provided these decays are kinematically accessible. The visible decay products of higgsinos are soft making them largely invisible, whilst the gauginos decay to W, Z or h plus missing transverse energy (MET). Charged Higgs bosons are dominantly produced at LHC14 via the parton subprocess, gb-> H^\pm t. In this paper, we examine the viability of observing signtures from H^\pm -> τν, H^\pm -> tb and H^\pm -> W, Z, h + MET events produced in association with a top quark at the HL-LHC over large Standard Model (SM) backgrounds from (mainly) t\bar{t}, t\bar{t}V and t\bar{t}h production (where V=W, Z). We find that the greatest reach is found via the SM H^\pm(-> τν) +t channel with a subdominant contribution from the H^\pm(-> tb) +t channel. Unlike for neutral Higgs searches, the SUSY decay modes appear to be unimportant for H^\pm searches at the HL-LHC. We delineate regions of the m_A vs. \tanβplane, mostly around m_A \sim 1-2 TeV, where signals from charged Higgs bosons would serve to confirm signals of a heavy, neutral Higgs boson at the 5σlevel or, alternatively, to exclude heavy Higgs bosons at the 95% confidence level at the high luminosity LHC.

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On practical naturalness and its implications for weak scale supersymmetry

We revisit the various measures of naturalness for models of weak scale supersymmetry including 1. electroweak (EW) naturalness, 2. naturalness via sensitivity to high scale parameters (EENZ/BG), 3. sensitivity of Higgs soft term due to high scale (HS) radiative corrections and 4. stringy naturalness (SN) from the landscape. The EW measure is most conservative and seems unavoidable; it is also model independent in that its value is fixed only by the weak scale spectra which ensues, no matter which model is used to generate it. The EENZ/BG measure is ambiguous depending on which ``parameters of ignorance'' one includes in the low energy effective field theory (LE-EFT). For models with calculable soft breaking terms, then the EENZ/BG measure reduces to the tree-level EW measure. The HS measure began life as a figurative expression and probably shouldn't be taken more seriously than that. SN is closely related to EW naturalness via the atomic principle, although it is also sensitive to the distribution of soft terms on the landscape. If the landscape favors large soft terms, as in a power law distribution, then it favors m(h) ~ 125 GeV along with sparticles beyond present LHC reach. In this context, SN appears as a probability measure where more natural models are expected to be more prevalent on the landscape than finetuned models. We evaluate by how much the different measures vary against one another with an eye to determining by how much they may overestimate finetuning; we find overestimates can range up to a factor of over 1000. In contrast to much of the literature, we expect the string landscape to favor EW natural SUSY models over finetuned models so that the landscape is not an alternative to naturalness.

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