A single-electron double quantum dot with Rashba spin-orbit interaction as a working substance for heat machines
We investigate the thermodynamic performance of a quantum Otto machine whose working substance is a single electron confined in a double quantum dot under an external magnetic field and Rashba spin-orbit interaction. The Hamiltonian is controlled by the Zeeman splitting, the interdot tunneling amplitude, and the Rashba coupling, which induces spin-flip tunneling between localized orbital states. Within a quasistatic Otto cycle, we analyze the heat exchanged with the reservoirs, the extracted work, and the efficiency as functions of the Hamiltonian parameters and reservoir temperatures. We show that the Rashba interaction acts as an effective control parameter for switching among heat-engine, refrigerator, heater, and accelerator regimes. A global numerical analysis over the Hamiltonian parameters and reservoir temperatures identifies the optimal operating points for efficiency and work output in the heat-engine regime. The highest efficiencies occur near the maximum temperature gradient explored and approach the Carnot bound, whereas the largest work output appears in a different region of parameter space. The results reveal a clear trade-off between maximum efficiency and maximum extracted work, governed by the spectral deformation induced by the Zeeman splitting, tunneling amplitude, and Rashba coupling.