arXiv subjects

Vincent Dolique

Publications and source records attributed to Vincent Dolique.

13 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2023

Emissive cathode immersed in a plasma: plasma-cathode interactions, operation and stability

Thermionic emission from a polycrystalline tungsten emissive cathode immersed in a magnetized plasma column is investigated experimentally and numerically. Electrical and optical measurements of the cathode temperature show a highly inhomogeneous cathode temperature profile due to plasma-cathode interactions. The spatially and temporally resolved cathode temperature profile provides an in-depth understanding of the thermionic electron current, in excellent agreement with experimental data. The plasma-cathode coupling leads to a sharp and heterogeneous rise in temperature along the cathode, which can eventually lead to unstable cathode operation, with divergent current growth. A detailed thermal modeling accurately reproduces the experimental measurements, and allows to quantify precisely the relative importance of heating and cooling mechanisms in the operation of the cathode immersed in the plasma. Numerical resolution of the resulting integro-differential equation highlights the essential role of heterogeneous ohmic heating and the importance of ion bombardment heating in the emergence of unstable regimes. Detailed thermal modelling enables operating regimes to be predicted in excellent agreement with experimental results.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2023

Nonlinear interactions of ion acoustic waves explored using fast imaging decompositions

Fast camera imaging is used to study ion acoustic waves propagating azimuthally in a magnetized plasma column. The high speed image sequences are analyzed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and 2D Fourier Transform, allowing to evaluate the assets and differences of both decomposition techniques. The spatio-temporal features of the waves are extracted from the high speed images, and highlight energy exchanges between modes. Growth rates of the modes are extracted from the reconstructed temporal evolution of the modes, revealing the influence of ion-neutral collisions as pressure increases. Finally, the nonlinear interactions between modes are extracted using bicoherence computations, and show the importance of interactions between modes with azimuthal wave numbers $m$, $m-1$ and $-1$, with $m$ an integer.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2021

High-speed imaging of magnetized plasmas: when electron temperature matters

High speed camera imaging is a powerful tool to probe the spatiotemporal features of unsteady processes in plasmas, usually assuming light fluctuations to be a proxy for the plasma density fluctuations. In this article, we systematically compare high speed camera imaging with simultaneous measurements of the plasma parameters -- plasma density, electron temperature, floating potential -- in a modestly magnetized Argon plasma column at low pressure (1 mTorr, magnetic fields ranging from 160 to 640~G). The light emission was filtered around $488\pm5$~nm, $750\pm5$~nm, $810\pm5$~nm. We show that the light intensity cannot be interpreted as a proxy for the plasma density and that the electron temperature cannot be ignored when interpreting high speed imaging, both for the time-averaged profiles and for the fluctuations. The features of plasma parameter fluctuations are investigated, with a focus on ion acoustic waves (at frequency around 70 kHz) at low magnetic field and low-frequency azimuthal waves (around a few kHz) at larger magnetic fields. An excellent match is found between the high speed images fluctuations and an Arrhenius law functional form which incorporates fluctuations of the plasma density and of the electron temperature. These results explain the discrepancies between ion saturation current and narrow-band imaging measurements previously reported in the literature.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2021

Thermal noise of a cryo-cooled silicon cantilever locally heated up to its melting point

The Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem (FDT) is a powerful tool to estimate the thermal noise of physical systems in equilibrium. In general however, thermal equilibrium is an approximation, or cannot be assumed at all. A more general formulation of the FDT is then needed to describe the behavior of the fluctuations. In our experiment we study a micro-cantilever brought out-ofequilibrium by a strong heat flux generated by the absorption of the light of a laser. While the base is kept at cryogenic temperatures, the tip is heated up to the melting point, thus creating the highest temperature difference the system can sustain. We independently estimate the temperature profile of the cantilever and its mechanical fluctuations, as well as its dissipation. We then demonstrate how the thermal fluctuations of all the observed degrees of freedom, though increasing with the heat flux, are much lower than what is expected from the average temperature of the system. We interpret these results thanks to a minimal extension of the FDT: this dearth of thermal noise arises from a dissipation shared between clamping losses and distributed damping.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

arXiv2021

Laser cooling of a Planck mass object close to the quantum ground state

Quantum mechanics has so far not been tested for mechanical objects at the scale of the Planck mass $\sqrt{\hbar c/ G} \simeq 22\,μ\mathrm{g}$. We present an experiment where a 1 mm quartz micropillar resonating at 3.6 MHz with an effective mass of 30 $μ$g is cooled to 500 mK with a dilution refrigerator, and further optomechanically sideband-cooled to an effective temperature of 3 mK, corresponding to a mode thermal occupancy of 20 phonons. This nearly 1000-fold increase in the mass of an optomechanical system with respect to previous experiments near the quantum ground state opens new perspectives in the exploration of the quantum/classical border.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2021

Suppression of surface-related loss in a gated semiconductor microcavity

We present a surface passivation method that reduces surface-related losses by almost two orders of magnitude in a highly miniaturized GaAs open microcavity. The microcavity consists of a curved dielectric distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with radius $\sim 10$ $μ$m paired with a GaAs-based heterostructure. The heterostructure consists of a semiconductor DBR followed by an n-i-p diode with a layer of quantum dots in the intrinsic region. Free-carrier absorption in the highly doped n- and p-layers is minimized by positioning them close to a node of the vacuum electromagnetic-field. The surface, however, resides at an anti-node of the vacuum field and results in significant loss. These losses are much reduced by surface passivation. The strong dependence on wavelength implies that the main effect of the surface passivation is to eliminate the surface electric field, thereby quenching below-bandgap absorption via a Franz-Keldysh-like effect. An additional benefit is that the surface passivation reduces scattering at the GaAs surface. These results are important in other nano-photonic devices which rely on a GaAs-vacuum interface to confine the electromagnetic field.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2019

Amorphous optical coatings of present gravitational-wave interferometers

We report on the results of an extensive campaign of optical and mechanical characterization of the ion-beam sputtered oxide layers (Ta$_2$O$_5$, TiO$_2$, Ta$_2$O$_5$-TiO$_2$, SiO$_2$) within the high-reflection coatings of the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors: refractive index, thickness, optical absorption, composition, density, internal friction and elastic constants have been measured; the impact of deposition rate and post-deposition annealing on coating internal friction has been assessed. For Ta$_2$O$_5$ and SiO$_2$ layers, coating internal friction increases with the deposition rate, whereas the annealing treatment either erases or largely reduces the gap between samples with different deposition history. For Ta$_2$O$_5$-TiO$_2$ layers, the reduction of internal friction due to TiO$_2$ doping becomes effective only if coupled with annealing. All measured samples showed a weak dependence of internal friction on frequency ($ϕ_c(f) = af^{b}$, with $-0.208 < b < 0.140$ depending on the coating material considered). SiO$_2$ films showed a mode-dependent loss branching, likely due to spurious losses at the coated edge of the samples. The reference loss values of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo input (ITM) and end (ETM) mirror HR coatings have been updated by using our estimated value of Young's modulus of Ta$_2$O$_5$-TiO$_2$ layers (120 GPa) and are about 10\% higher than previous estimations.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2018

A gated quantum dot far in the strong-coupling regime of cavity-QED at optical frequencies

The strong-coupling regime of cavity-quantum-electrodynamics (cQED) represents light-matter interaction at the fully quantum level. Adding a single photon shifts the resonance frequencies, a profound nonlinearity. cQED is a test-bed of quantum optics and the basis of photon-photon and atom-atom entangling gates. At microwave frequencies, success in cQED has had a transformative effect. At optical frequencies, the gates are potentially much faster and the photons can propagate over long distances and be easily detected, ideal features for quantum networks. Following pioneering work on single atoms, solid-state implementations are important for developing practicable quantum technology. Here, we embed a semiconductor quantum dot in a microcavity. The microcavity has a $\mathcal{Q}$-factor close to $10^{6}$ and contains a charge-tunable quantum dot with close-to-transform-limited optical linewidth. The exciton-photon coupling rate $g$ exceeds both the photon decay rate $κ$ and exciton decay rate $γ$ by a large margin ($g/γ=14$, $g/κ=5.3$); the cooperativity is $C=2g^{2}/(γκ)=150$, the $β$-factor 99.7%. We observe pronounced vacuum Rabi oscillations in the time-domain, photon blockade at a one-photon resonance, and highly bunched photon statistics at a two-photon resonance. We use the change in photon statistics as a sensitive spectral probe of transitions between the first and second rungs of the Jaynes-Cummings ladder. All experiments can be described quantitatively with the Jaynes-Cummings model despite the complexity of the solid-state environment. We propose this system as a platform to develop optical-cQED for quantum technology, for instance a photon-photon entangling gate.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2017

High-Reflection Coatings for Gravitational-Wave Detectors: State of The Art and Future Developments

We report on the optical, mechanical and structural characterization of the sputtered coating materials of Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-waves detectors. We present the latest results of our research program aiming at decreasing coating thermal noise through doping, optimization of deposition parameters and post-deposition annealing. Finally, we propose sputtered Si3N4 as a candidate material for the mirrors of future detectors.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2017

Correlated evolution of structure and mechanical loss of a sputtered silica film

Energy dissipation in amorphous coatings severely affects high-precision optical and quantum transducers. In order to isolate the source of coating loss, we performed an extensive study of Raman scattering and mechanical loss of a thermally-treated sputtered silica coating. Our results show that loss is correlated with the population of three-membered rings of Si-O$_4$ tetrahedral units, and support the evidence that thermal treatment reduces the density of metastable states separated by a characteristic energy of about 0.5 eV, in favour of an increase of the states separated by smaller activation energies. Finally, we conclude that three-fold rings are involved in the relaxation mechanisms only if they belong to more complex chain-like structures of 10 to 100 tetrahedra.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2016

A new method of probing mechanical losses of coatings at cryogenic temperatures

A new method of probing mechanical losses and comparing the corresponding deposition processes of metallic and dielectric coatings in 1-100 MHz frequency range and cryogenic temperatures is presented. The method is based on the use of extremely high-quality quartz acoustic cavities whose internal losses are orders of magnitude lower than any available coatings nowadays. The approach is demonstrated for Chromium, Chromium/Gold and a multilayer tantala/silica coatings. The ${\rm Ta}_2{\rm O}_5/{\rm Si}{\rm O}_2$ coating has been found to exhibit a loss angle lower than $1.6\times10^{-5}$ near 30 {\rm MHz} at 4 {\rm K}. The results are compared to the previous measurements.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2016

Mechanical loss in state-of-the-art amorphous optical coatings

We present the results of mechanical characterizations of many different high-quality optical coatings made of ion-beam-sputtered titania-doped tantala and silica, developed originally for interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. Our data show that in multi-layer stacks (like high-reflection Bragg mirrors, for example) the measured coating dissipation is systematically higher than the expectation and is correlated with the stress condition in the sample. This has a particular relevance for the noise budget of current advanced gravitational-wave interferometers, and, more generally, for any experiment involving thermal-noise limited optical cavities.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Measurements of mechanical thermal noise and energy dissipation in optical dielectric coatings

In recent years an increasing number of devices and experiments are shown to be limited by mechanical thermal noise. In particular sub-Hertz laser frequency stabilization and gravitational wave detectors, that are able to measure fluctuations of 1E-18 m/rtHz or less, are being limited by thermal noise in the dielectric coatings deposited on mirrors. In this paper we present a new measurement of thermal noise in low absorption dielectric coatings deposited on micro-cantilevers and we compare it with the results obtained from the mechanical loss measurements. The coating thermal noise is measured on the widest range of frequencies with the highest signal to noise ratio ever achieved. In addition we present a novel technique to deduce the coating mechanical losses from the measurement of the mechanical quality factor which does not rely on the knowledge of the coating and substrate Young moduli. The dielectric coatings are deposited by ion beam sputtering. The results presented here give a frequency independent loss angle of (4.70 $\pm$ 0.2)x1E-4 with a Young's modulus of 118 GPa for annealed tantala from 10 Hz to 20 kHz. For as-deposited silica, a weak frequency dependence (~ f^{-0.025}) is observed in this frequency range, with a Young's modulus of 70 GPa and an internal damping of (6.0 $\pm$ 0.3)x1E-4 at 16 kHz, but this value decreases by one order of magnitude after annealing and the frequency dependence disappears.

physics.ins-det↗