Broadcasting single-qubit and multi-qubit-entangled states: authentication, cryptography, and distributed quantum computation
Quantum entanglement assisted with measurements provides various pathways to communicate information to parties within a network. In this work, we generalize a previous broadcasting protocol and present schemes to broadcast product and multi-partite entangled quantum states, where in the latter case the sender can remotely add phase gates or abort distributing the states. We first focus on the broadcasting of product quantum states in a network, and generalize the basic protocol to include an arbitrary basis rotation and allow for multiple receivers and senders. We show how to add and delete senders from the network. The generalization also includes the case where a phase to be applied to the broadcast states is not known in advance but is provided to a sender encoded in another quantum state. Applications of broadcasting product states include authentication and three-state quantum cryptography. In the second part, we study the distribution of a single multi-qubit state shared among several receivers entangled with multi-qubit phase gates, which includes the graph states as an example. We show that by coordinating with the sender, the receivers can assist in performing remote, distributed measurement-based quantum computation with the Pauli X basis measurement alone. As another application of this, we discuss the distribution of the multi-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state.