arXiv subjects

W. Hermsen

Publications and source records attributed to W. Hermsen.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2001

The Comptel 1.809 Mev Survey

We present the latest update of the 1.809 MeV sky survey obtained with COMPTEL. Based on all observations taken since the launch of CGRO in spring 1991 to early summer this year we obtain 1.809 MeV all sky maps using different imaging methods. The background is modelled on the basis of an adjacent energy approach. We confirm the previously reported characteristics of the galactic 1.809 MeV emission, specifically excesses in regions away from the inner Galaxy. The observed 1.8 MeV gamma-ray line is ascribed to the radioactive decay of 26Al in the interstellar medium. 26Al has been found to be predominantly synthesised in massive stars and their subsequent core-collapse supernovae, which is confirmed in tracer comparisons. Due to this, one anticipates flux enhancements aligned with regions of recent star formation, such as apparently observed in the Cygnus and Vela regions.

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arXiv2000

A High Sensitivity Measurement of the MeV Gamma-Ray Spectrum of Cygnus X-1

The Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) has observed the Cygnus region on several occasions since its launch in 1991. The data collected by the COMPTEL experiment on CGRO represent the most sensitive observations to date of Cygnus X-1 in the 0.75-30 MeV range. A spectrum accumulated by COMPTEL over 10 weeks of observation time shows significant evidence for emission extending out to several MeV. We have combined these data with contemporaneous data from both BATSE and OSSE to produce a broad-band gamma-ray spectrum, corresponding to the low X-ray state of Cygnus X-1, extending from 50 keV up to approximately 5 MeV. Although there is no evidence for any broad line-like emissions in the MeV region, these data further confirm the presence of a hard tail at energies above several hundred keV. In particular, the spectrum at MeV energies can be described as a power-law with a photon spectral index of $α$ = -3.2, with no evidence for a cutoff at high energies. For the 200 keV to 5 MeV spectrum, we provide a quantitative description of the underlying electron spectrum, in the context of a hybrid thermal/non-thermal model for the emission. The electron spectrum can be described by a thermal Maxwellian with a temperature of $kT_e$ = 86 keV and a non-thermal power-law component with a spectral index of $p_e$ = 4.5. The spectral data presented here should provide a useful basis for further theoretical modeling.

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arXiv2000

The likely detection of pulsed high-energy gamma-ray emission from millisecond pulsar PSR J0218+4232

We report circumstantial evidence for the first detection of pulsed high-energy gamma-ray emission from a millisecond pulsar, PSR J0218+4232, using data collected with the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment (EGRET) on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO). The EGRET source 3EG J0222+4253 is shown to be spatially consistent with PSR J0218+4232 for the energy range 100 - 300 MeV. Above 1 GeV the nearby BL Lac 3C 66A is the evident counterpart, and between 300 MeV and 1 GeV both sources contribute to the gamma-ray excess. Folding the 100-1000 MeV photons with an accurate radio ephemeris of PSR J0218+4232 yields a double peaked pulse profile with a ~3.5 sigma modulation significance and with a peak separation of ~0.45 similar to the 0.1-10 keV pulse profile.

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arXiv2000

The Spectral Variability of Cygnus X-1 at MeV Energies

In previous work, we have used data from the first three years of the CGRO mission to assemble a broad-band $γ$-ray spectrum of the galactic black hole candidate Cygnus X-1. Contemporaneous data from the COMPTEL, OSSE and BATSE experiments on CGRO were selected on the basis of the hard X-ray flux (45--140 keV) as measured by BATSE. This provided a spectrum of Cygnus X-1 in its canonical low X-ray state (as measured at energies below 10 keV), covering the energy range from 50 keV to 5 MeV. Here we report on a comparison of this spectrum to a COMPTEL-OSSE spectrum collected during a high X-ray state of Cygnus X-1 (May, 1996). These data provide evidence for significant spectral variability at energies above 1 MeV. In particular, whereas the hard X-ray flux {\it decreases} during the high X-ray state, the flux at energies above 1 MeV {\it increases}, resulting in a significantly harder high energy spectrum. This behavior is consistent with the general picture of galactic black hole candidates having two distinct spectral forms at soft $γ$-ray energies. These data extend this picture, for the first time, to energies above 1 MeV.

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arXiv2000

Pulse shape and spectrum of PSR J0218+4232 observed with BeppoSAX

We present the results of a BeppoSAX observation of PSR J0218+4232 which, for the first time, provides detailed information on the pulsar's temporal and spectral emission properties in the broad band 1-10 keV. We detected X-ray pulses with a pulsed fraction of 73 +/- 12 %. The pulse profile is characterized by two peaks phase separated by 0.47 +/-0.05. The pulsed spectrum is best described by a power-law of photon index 0.61 +/- 0.32 with an unabsorbed (2-10 keV) X-ray flux of 4.1E-13 erg/cm^2/s implying a luminosity of Lx = 1.3E32 Theta (d/5.7 kpc})^2 erg/s and an X-ray efficiency of 4.8E-4 Theta (d/5.7 kpc})^2 where Theta is the solid angle spanned by the emission beam.

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arXiv2000

A large high-energy gamma-ray flare from the blazar 3C 273

The Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) experiments EGRET and COMPTEL observed the Virgo sky region continuously for 7 weeks between December 10, 1996 and January 28, 1997. The prominent quasar 3C~273 was found to be the brightest source in gamma-rays and was significantly detected by EGRET and COMPTEL. The EGRET experiment observed a time-variable flux at energies above 100 MeV, which reached in a 2-week flaring period (December 30, 1996 to January 14, 1997) its highest flux level observed during the CGRO-era. COMPTEL, however, does not observe obvious time variability at energies below ~30 MeV contemporaneous to EGRET. In particular, no flare was observed, indicating that this outburst is solely a high-energy (>100 MeV) phenomenon. The energy spectrum between 3 MeV and 10 GeV is well represented by a simple power-law model. Below 3 MeV a spectral turnover is indicated. Performing spectral analysis for different time periods, we found evidence for a spectral hardening during the flaring period, which is consistent with the flare occurring mainly at the higher energies and with its absence at COMPTEL energies of a few MeV. This may be interpreted as an indication that the emission in the EGRET energy range is dominated by a different radiation mechanism than the MeV emission. We argue that the most likely mechanism for the high-energy flare is inverse-Compton scattering of reprocessed accretion-disk radiation.

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arXiv1999

COMPTEL Time-Averaged All-Sky Point Source Analysis

We use all COMPTEL data from the beginning of the CGRO mission (April '91) up to the end of CGRO Cycle 6 (November '97) to carry out all-sky point source analyses in the four standard COMPTEL energy bands for different time periods. We apply our standard maximum-likelihood method to generate all-sky significance and flux maps for point sources by subtracting off the diffuse emission components via model fitting. In addition, fluxes of known sources have been determined for individual CGRO Phases/Cycles to generate lightcurves with a time resolution of the order of one year. The goal of the analysis is to derive quantitative results -- significances, fluxes, light curves -- of our brightest and most significant sources such as 3C 273, and to search for additional new COMPTEL sources, showing up in time-averaged maps only.

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arXiv1999

COMPTEL MeV Observations of the TeV Sources Markarian 421 and Markarian 501

The COMPTEL experiment aboard the COMPTON Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) has observed the prominent TeV-blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 many times between the start of its mission in April '91 and December '98. This paper reports first COMPTEL results from mainly time-averaged (CGRO Cycles) data. No evidence for both sources is found up to the end Cycle VI. However, the sum of all 10-30 MeV Cycle VII data shows a weak (3.2 sigma detection) MeV-source being positionally consistent with Mkn 421. During Cycle VII Mkn 421 was rather active at TeV-energies. Due to the lack of other known Gamma-ray sources in this sky region, we consider Mkn 421 as the most likely counterpart for this Gamma-ray emission. However, its connection cannot be proven by COMPTEL.

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arXiv1999

Likely detection of pulsed high-energy gamma-rays from millisecond pulsar PSR J0218+4232

We report on the likely detection of pulsed high-energy gamma-rays from the binary millisecond pulsar PSR J0218+4232 in 100-1000 MeV data from CGRO EGRET. Imaging analysis demonstrates that the highly significant gamma-ray source 2EG J0220+4228 (~10 sigma) is for energies > 100 MeV positionally consistent with both PSR J0218+4232 and the BL Lac 3C66A. However, above 1 GeV 3C66A is the evident counterpart, whereas between 100 and 300 MeV PSR J0218+4232 is the most likely one. Timing analysis using one ephemeris valid for all EGRET observations yields in the 100-1000 MeV range a double-pulse profile at a ~3.5 sigma significance level. The phase separation is similar to the component separation of ~0.47 observed at X-rays. A comparison of the gamma-ray profile with the 610 MHz radio profile in absolute phase shows that the two gamma- ray pulses coincide with two of the three emission features in the complex radio profile.

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arXiv1999

COMPTEL limits on 26Al 1.809 MeV line emission from gamma^2 Velorum

The Wolf-Rayet binary system gamma^2 Vel (WR 11} is the closest known Wolf-Rayet (WR) star. Recently, its distance has been redetermined by parallax measurements with the HIPPARCOS astrometric satellite yielding 258^{+41}_{-31} pc, significantly lower than previous estimates (300 -- 450 pc). Wolf-Rayet stars have been proposed as a major source of the Galactic 26Al observed at 1.809 MeV. The gamma-ray telescope COMPTEL has previously reported 1.8 MeV emission from the Vela region, yet located closer to the Galactic plane than the position of gamma^2 Vel. We derive an upper 1.8 MeV flux limit of 1.1 10^{-5} ph cm^{-2} s^{-1} (2 σ) for the WR star. With the new distance estimate, COMPTEL measurements place a limit of (6.3^{+2.1}_{-1.4}) 10^{-5} M_\odot the 26Al yield of gamma^2 Vel, thus constrains theories of nucleosynthesis in Wolf-Rayet stars. We discuss the implications in the context of the binary nature of gamma^2 Vel and present a new interpretation of the IRAS Vela shell.

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arXiv1999

COMPTEL detection of pulsed gamma-ray emission from B1509-58 up to at least 10 MeV

We report on the first firm detection of pulsed gamma-ray emission from PSR B1509-58 in the 0.75-30 MeV energy range in CGRO COMPTEL data collected over more than 6 years. The modulation significance in the 0.75-30 MeV pulse-phase distribution is 5.4 sigma and the lightcurve is similar to the lightcurves found earlier between 0.7 and 700 keV: a single broad asymmetric pulse reaching its maximum 0.38 +/- 0.03 in phase after the radio peak, compared to the offset of 0.30 found in the CGRO BATSE soft gamma-ray data, and 0.27 +/- 0.01 for RXTE (2-16 keV), compatible with ASCA (0.7-2.2 keV). Spectral analysis based on the excess counts in the broad pulse of the lightcurve shows that extrapolation of the OSSE power-law spectral fit with index -1.68 describes our data well up to 10 MeV. Above 10 MeV the spectrum breaks abruptly. The precise location of the break/bend between 10 and 30 MeV depends on the interpretation of the structure in the lightcurve measured by COMPTEL and EGRET above 10 MeV.

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arXiv1999

Image Reconstruction of COMPTEL 1.8 MeV 26Al Line Data

We present a new algorithm, called Multiresolution Regularized Expectation Maximization (MREM), for the reconstruction of gamma-ray intensity maps from COMPTEL data. The algorithm is based on the iterative Richardson-Lucy scheme to which we added a wavelet thresholding step in order to eliminate image-noise in the reconstruction. The wavelet thresholding explicitly accounts for spatial correlations in the data, and adapts the angular resolution locally, depending on the significance of the signal in the data. We compare the performance of MREM to that of the maximum entropy and the Richardson-Lucy algorithms by means of Monte-Carlo simulations of COMPTEL 1.809 MeV gamma-ray line observations. The simulations demonstrate that the maximum entropy and Richardson-Lucy algorithms provide virtually identical reconstructions which are heavily disturbed by image noise. MREM largely suppresses this noise in the reconstructions, showing only the significant structures that are present in the data. Application of MREM to COMPTEL 1.8 MeV gamma-ray line data results in a 1.809 MeV sky map that is much smoother than the maximum entropy or Richardson-Lucy reconstructions presented previously. The essential features of this map are (1) an asymmetric galactic ridge emission reaching from l=45 deg to l=240 deg, (2) a bright localised emission feature in the Cygnus region around (l,b)=(80 deg,0 deg), (3) two emission spots at l=317 deg and l=332 deg situated in the galactic plane, and (4) an extended emission region around (l,b)=(160 deg, 0 deg). Comparison of the MREM map to the simulated reconstructions demonstrates that the 1.809 MeV emission is confined to the galactic plane.

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arXiv1999

Assessment of Tracers of 1.8 MeV Emission

We examined the question of a possible correlation between 1.8 MeV emission and intensity distributions observed at other wavelengths by comparing the 1.8 MeV data to an extended set of all-sky maps, covering the entire explored wavelength range from the radio band up to high-energy gamma-rays. This analysis revealed that tracers of the old stellar population or the local interstellar medium provide only a poor description of the data. Tracers of the young stellar population considerably improve the fit. Residuals are minimized for the free-free emission map obtained by the DMR at microwave wavelengths and the 158 um fine-structure line map of C+ observed by FIRAS. Within the statistics of the present data, both maps provide an overall satisfactory fit. We therefore conclude that adequate tracers of 26Al sources have now been identified. Implications for 26Al source types are discussed (see also Knodlseder, these proceedings).

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arXiv1999

A New Look at Image Reconstruction of COMPTEL 1.8 MeV Data

Deconvolving COMPTEL gamma-ray data into images presents a major methodological challenge. We developed a new algorithm called Multiresolution Regularized Expectation Maximization (MREM), which explicitly accounts for spatial correlations in the image by using wavelets (Dixon et al. 1998). We demonstrate that MREM largely suppresses image noise in the reconstruction, showing only significant structures that are present in the data. Application to 1.8 MeV data results in a sky map that is much smoother than the maximum entropy reconstructions presented previously, but it shows the same characteristic emission features which have been established earlier.

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arXiv1999

COMPTEL Observations of AGN at MeV-Energies

The COMPTEL experiment aboard CGRO, exploring the previously unknown sky at MeV-energies, has so far detected 10 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN): 9 blazars and the radio galaxy Centaurus A. No Seyfert galaxy has been found yet. With these results COMPTEL has opened the field of extragalactic Gamma-ray astronomy in the MeV-band.

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arXiv1998

Comptel Detection of Pulsed Emission from PSR B1509-58 up to at Least 10 MeV

We report the COMPTEL detection of pulsed $γ$-emission from PSR B1509-58 up to at least 10 MeV using data collected over more than 6 years. The 0.75-10 MeV lightcurve is broad and reaches its maximum near radio-phase 0.38, slightly beyond the maximum found at hard X-rays/ soft $γ$-rays. In the 10-30 MeV energy range a strong source is present in the skymap positionally consistent with the pulsar, but we do not detect significant pulsed emission. However, the lightcurve is consistent with the pulse shape changing from a single broad pulse into a double-peak morphology. Our results significantly constrain pulsar modelling.

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arXiv1998

High-Energy Observations of the Binary Millisecond Pulsar PSR J0218+4232

We report the detection of pulsed X-ray emission ($4.9σ$) from the binary millisecond pulsar PSR J0218+4232 in a 100 ks ROSAT HRI observation. The pulse profile shows a sharp main pulse and an indication for a second weaker pulse at $\sim$ 0.47 phase separation. The pulsed fraction is 37 \pm 13%. PSR J0218+4232 was several times in the field of view of the high-energy $γ$-ray telescope EGRET and a source positionally consistent with the pulsar was detected above 100 MeV. Spatial and timing analyses of EGRET data indicate that the source is probably multiple: Between 0.1 GeV and 1 GeV PSR J0218+4232 is the most likely counterpart, while the BL Lac 3C66A is the best candidate above 1 GeV. If part of the EGRET signal truly belongs to the pulsar, then this would be the first millisecond $γ$-ray pulsar.

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arXiv1998

COMPTEL skymapping: a new approach using parallel computing

Large-scale skymapping with COMPTEL using the full survey database presents challenging problems on account of the complex response and time-variable background. A new approach which attempts to address some of these problems is described, in which the information about each observation is preserved throughout the analysis. In this method, a maximum-entropy algorithm is used to determine image and background simultaneously. Because of the extreme computing requirements, the method has been implemented on a parallel computer, which brings large gains since the response computation is fully parallelizable. The zero level is left undetermined in this method. Results using data from 7 years of COMPTEL data are presented.

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