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Wentao Liu

Publications and source records attributed to Wentao Liu.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

ATRS: Adaptive Trajectory Re-splitting via a Shared Neural Policy for Parallel Optimization

Parallel trajectory optimization via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) has emerged as a scalable approach to long-horizon motion planning. However, existing frameworks typically decompose the problem into parallel subproblems based on a predefined fixed structure. Such structural rigidity often causes optimization stagnation in highly constrained regions, where a few lagging subproblems delay global convergence. A natural remedy is to adaptively re-split these stagnating segments online. Yet, deciding when, where, and how to split exceeds the capability of rule-based heuristics. To this end, we propose ATRS, a novel framework that embeds a shared Deep Reinforcement Learning policy into the parallel ADMM loop. We formulate this adaptive adjustment as a Multi-Agent Shared-Policy Markov Decision Process, where all trajectory segments act as homogeneous agents and share a unified neural policy network. This parameter-sharing architecture endows the system with size invariance, enabling it to handle dynamically changing segment counts during re-splitting and generalize to arbitrary trajectory lengths. Furthermore, our formulation inherently supports zero-shot generalization to unseen environments, as our network relies solely on the internal states of the numerical solver rather than on the geometric features of the environment. To ensure solver stability, a Confidence-Based Election mechanism selects only the most stagnating segment for re-splitting at each step. Extensive simulations demonstrate that ATRS accelerates convergence, reducing the number of iterations by up to 26.0% and the computation time by up to 19.1%. Real-world experiments further confirm its applicability to both large-scale offline global planning and real-time onboard replanning within 35 ms per cycle, with no sim-to-real degradation.

cs.RO↗

Macroscopic Optical Nonreciprocity: A Black Hole as an Optical Diode

Optical reciprocity--the principle that light retraces the same path when source and detector are interchanged--is a foundational concept in geometric optics. In this Letter, we demonstrate that this ``symmetry-protected'' behavior can be qualitatively overturned in a rotating black hole when spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking introduces a nonminimally coupled background structure with a preferred direction. Through numerical ray-tracing simulations, we reveal a striking macroscopic signature: upon optical-path reversal achieved by exchanging the source and the observer, the shadow of the same black hole morphs from a quasi-symmetric rugby-ball shape into a distinct teardrop profile. This high-contrast nonreciprocity effectively turns the black hole into a cosmic-scale optical diode, offering a novel pathway to probe fundamental symmetries using current and next-generation horizon-scale imaging.

gr-qc↗

Survival of nonclassical correlations in Lorentz-violating spacetime

The breakdown of Lorentz invariance, a potential signature of quantum gravity, offers a window into physics beyond general relativity. We investigate how such a violation, embodied by the Einstein-Bumblebee black hole spacetime, influences the nonlocal quantum correlations. Specifically, we study the quantum steering and Bell nonlocality between modes trapped inside and outside the event horizon of an Einstein-Bumblebee black hole. Our analysis demonstrates that quantum steering for an initially correlated state is confined to a narrow region near the event horizon, with the Lorentz-violating parameter further constraining this domain. Notably, the degree of steering asymmetry is significantly modulated by both the distance from the horizon and the Lorentz-violating parameter, with the two spatially separated regions exhibiting opposite trends. Furthermore, the Bell nonlocality measurable by an external observer strengthens with increasing distance from the black hole. These findings confirm the persistence of nonclassical correlations in a Lorentz-violating gravitational background and and offer a novel perspective on the interplay between quantum information and fundamental spacetime symmetries.

gr-qc↗

Boundary neuron method for solving partial differential equations

We propose a boundary neuron method with random features (BNM-RF) for solving partial differential equations. The method approximates the unknown boundary function by a shallow network within the boundary integral formulation. With randomly sampled and fixed hidden parameters, the computation reduces to a linear least squares problem for the output coefficients, which avoids gradient based nonconvex optimization. This construction retains the dimensionality reduction of boundary integral equations and the linear solution structure of the random feature method. For elliptic problems, we establish convergence analysis by combining kernel-based method with random feature approximation, and obtain error bounds on both the boundary and the interior solution. Numerical experiments on Laplace and Helmholtz problems, including interior and exterior cases, show that the proposed method achieves competitive accuracy relative to the boundary element method and favorable performance relative to boundary integral neural networks in the tested settings with only few neurons. Overall, the proposed method provides a practical framework for combining boundary integral equations with neural network for problems on complex geometries and unbounded domains.

math.NA↗

Automating Skill Acquisition through Large-Scale Mining of Open-Source Agentic Repositories: A Framework for Multi-Agent Procedural Knowledge Extraction

The transition from monolithic large language models (LLMs) to modular, skill-equipped agents represents a fundamental architectural shift in artificial intelligence deployment. While general-purpose models demonstrate remarkable breadth in declarative knowledge, their utility in autonomous workflows is frequently constrained by insufficient specialized procedural expertise. This report investigates a systematic framework for automated acquisition of high-quality agent skills through mining of open-source repositories on platforms such as GitHub. We focus on the extraction of visualization and educational capabilities from state-of-the-art systems including TheoremExplainAgent and Code2Video, both utilizing the Manim mathematical animation engine. The framework encompasses repository structural analysis, semantic skill identification through dense retrieval, and translation to the standardized SKILL.md format. We demonstrate that systematic extraction from agentic repositories, combined with rigorous security governance and multi-dimensional evaluation metrics, enables scalable acquisition of procedural knowledge that augments LLM capabilities without requiring model retraining. Our analysis reveals that agent-generated educational content can achieve 40\% gains in knowledge transfer efficiency while maintaining pedagogical quality comparable to human-crafted tutorials.

cs.AI↗

Accelerating Black Hole Image Generation via Latent Space Diffusion Models

Interpreting horizon-scale black hole images currently relies on computationally intensive General Relativistic Ray Tracing (GRRT) simulations, which pose a significant bottleneck for rapid parameter exploration and high-precision tests of strong-field gravity. We demonstrate that physically accurate black hole images, synthesized from magnetized accretion flows, inherently reside on a low-dimensional manifold-encoding the essential features of spacetime geometry, plasma distribution, and relativistic emission. Leveraging this structure, we introduce a physics-conditioned diffusion model that operates in a compact latent space to generate high-fidelity black hole imagery directly from physical parameters. The model accurately reproduces critical observational signatures from full GRRT simulations-such as shadow diameter, photon-ring structure, and relativistic brightness asymmetry-while achieving over a fourfold reduction in computational expense. Compared with the previous generation of denoising diffusion models, the proposed approach achieves significant improvements in image quality, reconstruction fidelity, and parameter estimation accuracy, while reducing the average inference time per black hole image from 5.25 seconds to 1.15 seconds. Our work establishes diffusion-based latent models as efficient and scalable substitutes for traditional radiative transfer solvers, offering a practical framework toward real-time modeling and inference for next-generation black hole imaging.

gr-qc↗

Scaling Laws for Educational AI Agents

While scaling laws for Large Language Models (LLMs) have been extensively studied along dimensions of model parameters, training data, and compute, the scaling behavior of LLM-based educational agents remains unexplored. We propose that educational agent capability scales not merely with the underlying model size, but through structured dimensions that we collectively term the Agent Scaling Law: role definition clarity, skill depth, tool completeness, runtime capability, and educator expertise injection. Central to this framework is AgentProfile, a structured JSON-based specification that serves as the mechanism enabling systematic capability growth of educational agents. We present EduClaw, a profile-driven multi-agent platform that operationalizes this scaling law, demonstrating its effectiveness through the construction and deployment of 330+ educational agent profiles encompassing 1,100+ skill modules across K-12 subjects. Our empirical observations suggest that educational agent performance scales predictably with profile structural richness. We identify two complementary scaling axes -- Tool Scaling and Skill Scaling -- as future directions, arguing that the path to more capable educational AI lies not solely in larger models, but in stronger structured capability systems.

cs.AI↗

Some Eigenvalue Inequalities for the Schrödinger Operator on Integer Lattices

In this paper, we establish analogues of the Payne-Pólya-Weinberger, Hile-Protter, and Yang eigenvalue inequalities for the Schrödinger operator on arbitrary finite subsets of the integer lattice $\mathbb{Z}^n$. The results extend known inequalities for the discrete Laplacian to a more general class of Schrödinger operators with nonnegative potentials and weighted eigenvalue problems.

math.SP↗

Wormhole-Induced correlation: A Link Between Two Universes

Motivated by the profound connection between quantum mechanics and spacetime geometry, particularly the conjectured correspondence between wormholes and quantum entanglement as proposed in the ER=EPR framework, this study investigate the influence of wormhole geometries on quantum information extraction. We examine the correlation-specifically mutual information (MI) and entanglement-extracted by two Unruh-DeWitt (UDW) detectors from the quantum vacuum field in the presence of a BTZ wormhole featuring a null-like throat, also known as an Einstein-Rosen bridge. First, we analyze how the detector's position relative to the wormhole throat and the throat's size affect the extracted MI. Our results indicate that the wormhole enhances MI extraction, with maximal MI achieved when the detectors are located at specific image-symmetric points connected by the wormhole. By analyzing the behavior of the nonlocal contribution term and the classical noise term, it is found that the correlations extracted contain genuine non-classical components. This work highlights the feasibility of extracting quantum correlations through null-like wormhole geometries and provides a novel perspective for probing the potential relationship between spacetime topology and the nonlocal characteristics of quantum mechanics.

gr-qc↗

TIM-PRM: Verifying multimodal reasoning with Tool-Integrated PRM

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive performances in mathematical reasoning, yet they remain vulnerable to visual hallucinations and logical inconsistencies that standard outcome-based supervision fails to mitigate. While Process Reward Models (PRMs) promise step-by-step verification, current approaches typically operate as scalar scorers or generative critics that suffer from sycophancy, blindly validating the flawed hypotheses rather than grounding them in visual reality. To bridge this gap, we introduce TIM-PRM (Tool-Integrated Multimodal PRM), a novel agentic framework that transforms verification from a passive classification task into an active, tool-augmented investigation. TIM-PRM is trained to explicitly plan verification strategies and utilizes a mechanism of Independent Question Asking to query evidence via external tools, effectively decoupling verification from the reasoning context to eliminate confirmation bias. We instantiate this method by curating a high-quality dataset of tool-integrated verification trajectories. Extensive experiments on VisualProcessBench demonstrate that our 8B parameter model surpasses existing open-source multimodal PRMs, significantly outperforming much larger models like Qwen2.5-72B and InternVL-78B, while offering interpretable insights into the verification process.

cs.AI↗

Remoe: Towards Efficient and Low-Cost MoE Inference in Serverless Computing

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture in large language models (LLMs) due to its ability to scale model capacity via sparse expert activation. Meanwhile, serverless computing, with its elasticity and pay-per-use billing, is well-suited for deploying MoEs with bursty workloads. However, the large number of experts in MoE models incurs high inference costs due to memory-intensive parameter caching. These costs are difficult to mitigate via simple model partitioning due to input-dependent expert activation. To address these issues, we propose Remoe, a heterogeneous MoE inference system tailored for serverless computing. Remoe assigns non-expert modules to GPUs and expert modules to CPUs, and further offloads infrequently activated experts to separate serverless functions to reduce memory overhead and enable parallel execution. We incorporate three key techniques: (1) a Similar Prompts Searching (SPS) algorithm to predict expert activation patterns based on semantic similarity of inputs; (2) a Main Model Pre-allocation (MMP) algorithm to ensure service-level objectives (SLOs) via worst-case memory estimation; and (3) a joint memory and replica optimization framework leveraging Lagrangian duality and the Longest Processing Time (LPT) algorithm. We implement Remoe on Kubernetes and evaluate it across multiple LLM benchmarks. Experimental results show that Remoe reduces inference cost by up to 57% and cold start latency by 47% compared to state-of-the-art baselines.

cs.DC↗

Entanglement, equivalence principle, and HBAR entropy, in a new bumblebee black hole

We investigate quantum information and thermodynamic properties of a new bumblebee black hole arising from spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking by analyzing near-horizon physics through complementary quantum probes. We study the degradation of quantum entanglement for field modes shared by inertial and accelerated observers in spacelike and lightlike Lorentz-violating vacua that generate identical spacetime metrics. Using the near-horizon Rindler correspondence, we derive analytic expressions for the logarithmic negativity and mutual information and examine their dependence on detector position, frequency, and Lorentz-violation parameters. Despite sharing the same metric, the two Lorentz-violating vacua become distinguishable near the horizon, particularly at low frequencies. We analyze the excitation of a freely falling two-level atom coupled to quantum fields near the horizon. The associated acceleration-radiation transition probabilities are computed explicitly. The resulting atomic response is locally indistinguishable from that in flat spacetime, confirming the validity of the equivalence principle even in the presence of Lorentz-violating corrections. Finally, we extend the notion of horizon-brightened acceleration radiation (HBAR) entropy to the bumblebee black hole and derive the corresponding entropy production rate induced by infalling atoms.

gr-qc↗

Entanglement degradation of static black holes in effective quantum gravity

Quantum information science has been broadly explored in Einstein gravity and in various modified gravity theories; however, its extension to quantum gravity settings remains largely unexplored. Motivated by this gap, in this paper we investigate the degradation of quantum entanglement of scalar and Dirac fields in the third-type black hole geometry arising from effective quantum gravity, which incorporates generic quantum gravitational corrections beyond classical general relativity. This quantum corrected spacetime is free of a Cauchy horizon and can be cast into a Rindler form in the near-horizon regime, allowing a direct identification of vacuum modes and a clear correspondence with the framework developed for uniformly accelerated observers. Within this framework, we compute the quantum entanglement and mutual information of uniformly entangled detector pairs in terms of the quantum parameter $\tildeζ$, the mode frequency $\tildeω$, and Bob's radial position $R_0$. The quantum parameter $\tildeζ$ consistently weakens the horizon-induced loss of correlations. For scalar fields this effect is pronounced, producing clear departures from the classical behavior, whereas for Dirac fields the familiar correlation pattern remains intact but its degradation is noticeably reduced. Overall, $\tildeζ$ acts as a universal protective factor against gravitational suppression of quantum correlations. The third-type effective quantum black hole therefore provides a controlled and physically transparent arena for probing how quantum-gravity corrections influence relativistic quantum information.

gr-qc↗

Quasinormal modes of scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational perturbations in slowly rotating Kalb-Ramond black holes

We investigate quasinormal modes (QNMs) of scalar, electromagnetic, and axial gravitational perturbations in slowly rotating Kalb-Ramond (KR) black holes, where an antisymmetric tensor field induces spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking. Working consistently to first order in the dimensionless spin parameter, we derive the corresponding master equations and compute the QNM spectrum using both the continued-fraction and matrix methods, finding excellent agreement. Lorentz violation modifies the oscillation and damping rates in a unified manner across all perturbative sectors: the real part of the QNM frequency increases monotonically with the Lorentz-violating parameter $\ell$, while the imaginary part becomes more negative. Axial gravitational modes exhibit the strongest response, revealing an intrinsic theoretical bound $\ell< 0.5$, beyond which the spectrum approaches an extremal behavior. Our results highlight the potential of gravitational-wave spectroscopy to probe Lorentz-violating signatures in KR gravity.

gr-qc↗

Quasinormal Modes of a Massive Scalar Field in Slowly Rotating Einstein-Bumblebee Black Holes

In this study, we examine the impacts of black hole spin, Lorentz-violating parameter, and the scalar field's mass on quasinormal modes (QNMs) of rotating Einstein-Bumblebee black holes, including computations up to the second-order expansion in rotation parameters. We investigate two classes of Lorentz-violating rotating black holes: one constructed via the Newman-Janis algorithm and the other obtained by solving the field equations through a series expansion. Within the slow-rotation approximation framework, we derive the master equations governing a massive scalar field and compute the corresponding QNM frequencies numerically using both the continued fraction method and the matrix method. The numerical results indicate that the QNM frequencies exhibit increased sensitivity to negative $\ell$ variations, which reduces the influence of the field mass parameter $\tildeμ$. Meanwhile, the spectral "cube" of NJA black holes shows slight compression for $m>0$ with $ \ell>0 $ and expansion for $m<0$ with $ \ell>0 $ compared to another black holes, where $m$ is approximately proportional to the spin parameter at first order, while richer structures and lifted degeneracy emerge at second order.

gr-qc↗

Can the latent signatures of quantum superposition be detected through correlation harvesting?

In this paper, we explore correlation harvesting in quantum superposition, specifically focusing on the entanglement and mutual information extracted by two Unruh-DeWitt detectors interacting with a quantum field in a mass-superposed BTZ black hole spacetime. Our findings reveal that the superposed nature of spacetime induces constructive interference between the field modes that can significantly enhance the entanglement harvesting relative to a single spacetime background. In contrast to entanglement, the mutual information obtained in spacetime superposition is influenced by the proper distance between the two detectors. While the mutual information harvested in a superposed spacetime remains lower than that in a single spacetime when the proper distance between detectors is small, it exceeds that in a single spacetime for specific mass ratios as the distance increases. Notably, we find that both entanglement and mutual information harvesting reach their maxima when the final spacetime superposition state is conditioned to align with the initial spacetime state.

gr-qc↗

Does the survival and sudden death of quadripartite steering in curved spacetime truly depend on multi-directionality?

We systematically investigate the directional dependence of Gaussian quadripartite quantum steering and its redistribution among different modes in the background of a Schwarzschild black hole. For physically accessible sectors, we identify three distinct behaviors: (i) steering from non-gravitational to gravitational observers undergoes sudden death at maximal asymmetry with the Hawking temperature, marking the crossover from two-way to one-way steerability; (ii) steering in the opposite direction decays monotonically and vanishes only in the extreme black hole limit, highlighting its directional sensitivity to spacetime curvature; (iii) steering from hybrid gravitational-non-gravitational partitions to non-gravitational mode persists at a finite asymptotic value set by the initial squeezing parameter. Moreover, all inaccessible steerings generated by the Hawking effect exhibit an intrinsic asymmetry, with their specific behavior being strongly dependent on the steering direction.

gr-qc↗

Quasinormal Modes of Massive Scalar Perturbations in Slow-Rotation Bumblebee Black Holes with Traceless Conformal Electrodynamics

We study electrically charged, slowly rotating black hole solutions in Einstein-Bumblebee gravity coupled to the traceless (conformal) ModMax nonlinear electrodynamics. By adopting a quadratic bumblebee potential that fixes the vacuum expectation value of the Lorentz-violating vector, we derive both the static configuration and its first-order rotating extension and demonstrate how the bumblebee parameter $\ell$ and the ModMax deformation $γ$ modify the horizon structure and the effective electric charge. We further investigate the dynamical properties of this spacetime by considering a massive scalar field perturbation. Using two independent numerical techniques, we compute the quasinormal mode (QNM) spectra and perform a comprehensive analysis of the influence of all relevant parameters, including the black hole spin, the Lorentz-violating coupling, the ModMax deformation, and the scalar field mass. Our results reveal coherent trends in the QNM frequencies, highlighting the interplay between Lorentz-symmetry breaking and nonlinear electrodynamics effects in black hole dynamics.

gr-qc↗